cattle and equine restraint , ruminant nutrition, swine nutrition and diseases

can cows kick backwards and sideways

yes

is the tail of a cow kind of fragile and should be cleaned if possible

yes

how should you approach a cow

avoid sudden movements, talk in low voice, stand and approach at shoulder but remember they can kick all directions

where are the blindspots for cattle

directly behind them and a few degrees to the left and right of the rump

how should you prompt a cow to move forward

handler should walk past the point of the shoulder

what are ways to restrain different types of cattle

restraint of dairy cattle is accomplished by using stanchions or tying to fence

restraint of bulls is hard since they are unpredictable so use noserings or halters

restraint of beef cows is done with chutes and headgates

what is the basic tool for restraint of cattle

rope halter

what are hobbles used for

prevent cattle from kicking

what side of animal should you place cattle in for lateral recumbency

right lateral

how should you restrain calves

place one hand under neck and grasp tail hear or place otehr hand around the hindquarters

what are cross ties used for in horses

to prevent a horse from rearing and from moving forequarters

what are stocks in relation to horses

narrow stalls with removable or semi open sides and a gate at both ends

what is the restraint/position for dental procedures in horses

place left hand over bridge of horses nose with thumb under noseband, place right hand on the nape of neck and push head down, hold the tongue and reach in at the commisure of the lips, pull through side of diastema of lower jaw

how should you approach a horse

from the near or left side, slowly

legumes, grasses, and silage are called

roughages

what is silage

fermenter roughage

what is the flow of ingesta thru the ruminant stomachs

reticulus
rumen
omasum
abomasum

when are dairy calves weaned

6-8 weeks

beef cows weaned at 6-8 mo

what is bloat in bovines associated with

over grazing of lush pasture, consumption of finely ground grain

important information about bloat in bovines

rumen may be so distended its pushing on diaphragm

treated by passing OG tube or trocarization, and anti foam medication poloxalene given

how can bloat in cattle be prevented

giving poloxalene prophyactically (gas-x for cows) and feeding coarse grains to slow bacterial growth and action

johnes disease is an infection with what

mycobacterium paratuberculosis

is there a tx for johnes disease

no effective tx is avaliable

what are vaccines that are available for the bovine species

BVD

coronavirus
ecoli
salmonella
herpesvirus
brucellosis
leptospirosis

define what a free-martin is

sterile female born as co twin with male

somatic cells are leukocytes found in the milk

true

what is mastitis caused by

bacterial infections - staph spp most common

how is mastitis diagnosed

CMT- california mastitis test

how is mastitis treated

oxytocin

drying out
abx

what is another name for postpartum hypocalcemia

milk fever

what is milk fever caused by

a rapid drop in blood calcium level because of high level calcium needed for lactation and inability of PTH to adequately compensate

-typically occurs 48 hours postpartum

milk fever is seen in three stages depending on calcium levels, fatal if not treated, may be prevented by decreasing calcium in feed during dry period to stimulate pth production

true

why does ketosis occur

because energy demand exceeds energy intake

what does ketosis cause

in altered glucogenesis pathway which results in production of ketone bodies

-commonly see neuro signs and pica
-treated by increasing energy intake ( iv dextrose, propylene glycol drench, glucocorticoids

are swine monogastric omnivores

yes

four separations of swine life

suckling neonate

starter pigs
growers/finishers
breeders

antibodies in swine do not cross the placenta so colostrum is required fr neonates

true

iron supplement is given in swine to prevent anemia at what age

1-3 days old

--if given as an injection then needs vitamin e immediately priof to prevent toxicity, can be given orally to avoid this

weaning occurs at 3-4weeks for swine

true

how long is swine gestation

112-115 days

at what weight do nutritional requirements change for gilts and barrows

66 lbs

-gilts have higher protein requirements

what can a selenium deficency (caused by soil with low selenium count) cause in swine

skeletal muscle pallor (white muscle disease)

hemorrhages in heart (mulberry heart disease

what does agalactiae mean

absence of milk production

infection with what bacterial disease can cause sudden death in swine, transmitted by post recovery shedders and rodents is produced by toxins caused by

brachyspira hyodysenteriae

transmissible gastroenteritis is what type of infection

viral infection

what are gastric ulcers in swine caused by

helicobacter spp and ascarids

define autolyse

enzymatic digestion of cells by enzymes present within them

what is PRSS in swine

porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome

- virus crosses placenta at different times within the litter resulting in different presentations of neonates at parturition
(still born, mummified, weak but not alive, partially autolysed)

swine parvovirus c/s are dependent on when virus crosses placenta and infects fetus

true

disease of animals which is indigenous to a certain locality

enzootic

connective tissue lining the thoracic cavity and organs within it

pleura

define benign neglect

recognition disease but treatment is not warrented

peracute means very acute

true

what is swine flu caused by

influenza a

what is atrophic rhinitis caused by

bordetella bronchiseptica and pasteurela multocida

- will see epistaxis and sneezing, shortening or deformation of snout
-vaccine avaliable

causative agent of enzootic pneumonia

caused by mycoplasma hyponeumoniae and pasturella multocida

what is pleuropneumonia caused by

actinobacillus pleuropneumonia

a toxin which is not secreted in a soluable form by live bacteria but is a structural component in the bacteria which is released mainly when bacteria are lysed

a bony plate forming the roof of the nasal cavities

cribriform plate

special staining of histopath slides using specially labeled antibodies against specific antigens

immunohistochemistry

what is pseudorabies in swine also called

aujeszkys disease (swine herpesvirus)

what is meningitis in swine caused by

strep. suis bacteria - zoonotic

what can erypsipelas result in

diamond shaped hyperemic plaques or arthriris
sudden death

zoonotic