L1: Intro; Basics of Cell Bio and Microscopy

3 main points of Cell Theory

1) All living things are made of cells

2) all cells come from cells

3) the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and organization in all organisms

in order to be classified as alive, a thing MUST (8 things)

1. be made of cells

2. be highly organized

3. maintain homeostasis

4. be able to reproduce

5. grow and develop

6. take energy from environment

7. respond to stimuli

8. adapt to the environment

Nearly all cells have ____

the same basic chemistry

Replication

DNA Synthesis

Transcription

DNA to RNA

Translation

RNA to protein

Heritable mutations can be

Beneficial, neutral, or harmful

If a codon is changed, the amino acid may

change its shape, and therefore its function

All cells probably evolved from

an ancestral prokaryote

How is life classified into the 3 domains?

similarity of gene sequences

Sort domains into Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic- Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic- Eukarya

Viruses are NOT alive because

they do not meet all the requirements to be considered alive (are highly organized, and can reproduce/adapt to environment, but not without a host)

The flow of genetic information in most living cells proceeds in what order?

Replication → Transcription → Translation

DNA→RNA→Protein

Resolution

ability to discriminate two points close together

Limit of resolution

minimum distance at which 2 points can be observed as separate

Limit of resolution is dictated by

Optics (eyes/microscope lens) and wavelength of the energy used to image the sample (light vs electron microscope)

What primarily determines the limit of resolution of a microscope?

Wavelength of the energy used

Light microscopes can view

living or dead cells; individual cells and some cellular structures

True or false; Immunofluorescence microscopes have the same resolution as light microscopes

TRUE

Immunofluorescence microscope can view

can use dye to bind antibodies to protein of interest when dead, can inject green fluorescent protein onto protein of interest; views specific structures within the cell

both forms of electron microscopes view

ONLY dead specimen

Transmission electron microscopy

used to view a cross-section of a cell; can view full resolution of internal structures of a cell

Scanning electron microscope

used to view details of a cell’s surface