science exam pt.2

These flashcards cover key concepts in chemistry related to bonds, compounds, and organic chemistry.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outer shell of an atom that determine its chemical properties.

Atomic Radius

The distance from the nucleus of an atom to the outermost electron shell.

Covalent Bond

A bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Ionic Bond

A bond formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in charged ions.

Metallic Bond

A bond formed between metal atoms, characterized by a sea of delocalized electrons.

Polar Covalent Bond

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, resulting in a molecule with a slight charge.

Ion

An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net charge.

Cation

A positively charged ion that has lost one or more electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion that has gained one or more electrons.

Polyatomic Ions

Ions composed of two or more atoms that are covalently bonded and carry a charge.

Naming Ionic Compounds

Process of assigning names to compounds formed by ionic bonds.

Naming Covalent Compounds

Process of assigning names to compounds formed by covalent bonds.

Oxidation State

The electrical charge of an atom in a compound, indicating the number of electrons lost or gained.

Binary Compound

A chemical compound that contains exactly two different elements.

Organic Compounds

Compounds primarily made of carbon and hydrogen, which can also contain nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.

Hydrocarbons

Compounds made solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Saturated Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons with single bonds only, having the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons that contain double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.

Monomers

Small, simple molecules that can join together to form a polymer.

Polymer

Large molecules composed of many repeating units (monomers), typically formed through polymerization.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as a major source of energy for the body.

Starch

A polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.

Glycogen

A multi-branched polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage in animals.

Proteins

Large biomolecules made of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

Lipids

A group of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives, insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.