MARY FOREIGN POLICY

Why was the Spanish alliance inevitable when Mary became Queen?

She was half spanish and one of her first actions as Queen was to marry Philip (October)

Where was the Hapsburg-Valois war being fought?

over the border areas between France and the Holy Roman Emperor

Why are the French worried about the Anglo-Spanish alliance?

would cause the encirclement of France

What did the French ambassador, De Noailles do?

supported Wyatts rebellion and the plan to marry Elizabeth to Courtenay

In which year di very little happen in foreign policy, why?

1554, focus is domestic due to Wyatt, marriage treaty in April, marrying Philip and religion

What move does Mary make in February 1555?

showed a genuine desore to be at peace and acted as a mediator between France andSpain at Gravelins but fails

Why does the Gravelines mediation fail?

neither side is interested

For what two reasons does Philip leave England for in September 1555?

it was ovious Mary wasn’t pregnant and it seemed that Charles would abdicate

Over what time period does charles abdicate, what does this make Philip?

October 1555 to January 1556, King of Spain

What title does Philip have when he marries Mary?

Duke of Milan

Why does Charles V abdicate?

tired and disillusioned with the HRE and protestantism (feels he has lost the Schmalkaldic war)

Where is Gravelines?

near Calais

How were France going to help Wyatt?

agreed to have boats off the Thames estuary (blockading)

What are England STILL worried about?

auld alliance

What treaty is made in February 1556, why?

Treaty of Vaucelles between France and Spain as Philip needs to buy time to consolidate

What alliance is formed in July 1556?

France and the papcy

Who is the new Pope, when does he become Pope?

Paul IV, 1555

Why does Paul IV ally with France?

he’s Italian and hates Spain as he blames them for the Italian wars, he is encouraging France to restart the war

What does Philip do in September 1555?

attacks the Papacy/Italy, breaking the treaty of Vaucelles

What happens when Philip attacks Italy, what happens to England?

France counterattacks and England comes under immediate pressure to join in the war for Spain

Why does Philip attacking the Pope make a ridicolous situation for England?

don’t want to attack the Papcy as England is trying to return to the papacy

What is Englands reaction to the thought of a war against the papacy, why?

strong opposition (especially by Mary and Privy council), the marriage treaty indicates that they don’t get involvd with foreign wars (bar defensively in Netherlands)

How does France get ready to counter attack after philips attack on the papcy?

France is mobilising, potentially on three fronts 

1) Calais 

2) Netherlands 

3) Italy

How technically breaks the treaty of Vaucelles?

Philip by attacking Italy, but feels threatened by the franco-Papal alliance

What happens to England in regards to religion in 1554?

Pope made head of the English Church

How does England support Philip in January 1557?

sent 6000 troops to Netherlands, done as a defensive measure, but provide no offensive help 

Why does England send troops to defend the Netherlands in January 1557?

rumours that France may attack the Netherlands

What does Philip do in March 1557?

returns to england to ask for help but PC refuses, Mary is visibly upset by this, occurs at same time as second pregnancy

What are te three reasos why England goes to war?

1)rumours Henry will attack calais (building up army) and this will turn out to be true

2) France os openly harbouring English Protestant exiles (France is Catholic)

3) April 1557 France supports a Protestanr Plot where Thomas Stafford lands ar Sarbrough, but he was arrested within three days

Who convinces Mary to go to war?

NOBODY England decide themselves

When do England declare war on France?

June 1557

What is the first move against France that England makes?

Navy put into the channel to patrol it, also reinforces Berwick and carlisle

What occurs as soon as England declares war on France?

July 1557 Auld Alliance kicks in with Scottish border raids beginning

What happens regarding war in July 1557?

Troops put on war footing to Calais and 7000 men set to fight led by the Earl of Pembroke

How big was Philip’s army, thus what was England’s contribution?

70,000 men so England’s contribution was negligible

What does the Hapsburg Valois war end with?

August 1558 Battle of St Quentin, Philip won

What are the aftereffects of the Battle of St Quentin?

bankrupts both countries, ends the Hapsburg Valois war, Philip declares bankruptcy in 1559

What is France’s response to losing St Quentin?

still had their army and wanted an easy picking so went to Calais

When do France launch their attack on Calais?

December 1557/January 1558

What is unusual about the French campaign on Calais?

a surprise attack, not in campaign season

How do the Fench attack Calais?

across the frozen marshes of the Calais Pale

Why is Calais usually hard to take but not when France attack?

marshes, but they are frozen over now

How many troops are garrisoning Calais vs the French force?

2000 English troops, with no reinforcements against 27,000 French

How long does Calais hold out for?

three weeks (impressive considering scale)

When is Calais captured?

January 1558

How did the English respond to the taking of Calais?

raised an army of 7000 to attack, with a flett of 140 going to attack Brest, planning to take the port and then trade it for calais

How succesful was England at at taking Brest?

unsuccesful, only took the small fishing village of Le Conquet, but french immediately take it back

What is important about the Port of Brest to the French?

its the French Atlantic port, important for mediteranean trade as well

What did Philip and Henry both do after St Quentin?

both ready for battle, camped near Amiens but prepped to negotiatate as both running out of money

What peace talks occur in October 1558?

between Spain and france Cateau Cambresis

What did Philip intially ask for at Cateau Cambresis, why did this change?

Calias, Mary dies in November so Philip attempts to marry Elizabeth, fails and abandons Calais

Who technically lost Calais?

Elizabeth (Mary died in November)

What is the economic loss of Calais?

Crowson called it ‘crippling’ for economy but Tittler says its not bad as Merchants of the Staple have moved out, now also don’t have to pay for garrison there

What is the territorial loss of Calais?

last piece of territory from 100 yeras war, inevitable that France would take it inevitably

What is the military loss of Calais?

Calais launched to use invasions (lat used under HVIII) but no longer relevant to foreign policy, as no longer singularly looking to invade France

What is the diplomatic loss of Calais?

seen as failure of relationship with Spain andthe Spanish marriage (especially in propaganda)

What is the morale loss of Calais?

England ruled Calais since 1347, humiliating, legacy is to hate Mary, Philip and catholics

What is the Quote from Mary about Calais?

Calais would be engraved on her heart

What were military developments like under Mary?

significantly improved

Why had the navy declined, what heppened?

due to defensive trety of Boulogne as England was in a defensive alliance with France, Navy was now reorganised ans  naval treasury set up

How did the navy increase in size?

increased from 3 ships in 1555 to 21 in 1557

how was the navy expanded?

6 new ships made, old ships were repaired

WHat happened to dockyards?

improvements were made

What is ironic about Mary’s navy being better than ever before?

largely thanks to Philip, Navy crushes his 1588 Armada

what does the arms and militia act entail?

old system of raising army by nobles disbanded and now raised by JPS and Lord Liuetenants in each county, improved the procedures for supplying weapons to the militia

How long do the new terms of the arms and militia act last?

next 300 years

What was the war expenditure for the 1557-8 campaign?

£117,000

How was the victory of St Quentin important for England?

celebrated in England, bolstering Mary’s prestige and briefly improving Anglo-Spanish relations

What did the fall of Calais unintentionally cause?

forved England to rethink strategoc priorities and turned future monarchs towards naval expansion rather than continental ambitions

How did Philips physical abandonment of england impact the marriage?

undermined the marriage’s intended diplomatic and dynastic benefits

What was arguably the big mistake on Mary’d foreign policy?

oveerreliance of Spain, not independent

What did English nobles think of the 1557 campaign?

larely supported, reflecting national pride and participation in wider christendom