(COPY) Kinesiology - PSK4U1 Exam Review

Kinesiology

the scientific study of human body movement

anatomical position

In an upright standing position, face and feet pointing forward, arms at the side, forearm fully supinated (palms facing forward)

general rule of plane and axis

axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement

anterior

front surface of body

posterior

back surface of body

superior

refers to structures being closer to top of the body (excludes arms & legs)

inferior

refers to structures being closer to the lower part of the body (excludes arms & legs)

medial

towards the midline (body position)

lateral

away from the midline (body position)

proximal

towards the upper segments of a limb (arms and legs)

distal

towards the lower segments of a limb (arms and legs)

flexion

decrease the angle between two bones (sagittal plane)

Extension

increasing the angle between two bones (sagittal plane)

Abduction

moving away from midline (movement)

Adduction

moving towards midline (movement)

circumduction

circular motion

Depression

movement in an inferior direction

Elevation

movement in a superior direction

External rotation

rotating outwardly away from the midline

Internal rotation

rotating inwardly towards the midline

supination

lateral rotation of the forearm and hand (palms up)

pronation

medial rotation of the forearm and hand (palms down)

dorsiflexion

pointing the foot upward

plantar flexion

point the foot downward

inversion

standing on outer edge of foot (rotating medially)

eversion

standing on inner edge of foot (rotating laterally)

skeletal system

internal framework of the human body

femur

longest bone in the skeletal system

stirrup

located in ear; smallest bone in body

structural support

one of the functions of skeletal system; supports tissues and muscles

protection

one of the functions of skeletal system; protects organs and fragile body parts (like the skull protecting the brain)

growth centre for cells

a function of the skeletal system; RBC and platelets are made in bones

reservoir of minerals

a function of skeletal system; regulates calcium and phosphorus in body

movement

a function of skeletal system; muscles attach to bones by tendons, and bones aid with movement

axial skeleton

one division of skeletal system that consists of vertebral column, skull, and rib cage

appendicular skeleton

one division of skeletal system that consists of all moveable limbs and supporting structures

long bone

type of bone found in arms and legs; like femur

flat bone

flat and thin bone to often protect vital organs from injury; like parietal bone

irregular bone

odd-looking bones; like vertebrae

sesamoid bone

unusual bone that is small, flat and wrapped within tendons to move over bony surfaces; patella

short bone

width and length are equal; wrist or ankle

fibrous joint

lacks synovial cavity; bones are held very closely together by fibrous connective tissue; allows little to no movement

cartilaginous joint

lacks synovial cavity; bones are tightly connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage; little to no movement

synovial cavity

space between segments of bones filled with synovial fluid; cushions the ends of bones and reduces friction when you move your joints

synovial joint

has synovial cavity between articulating bones; bones at joints are covered by articular cartilage; this cartilage reduces friction to absorb shock and help with movement

ball and socket joint

“ball“ at one end fits into the “socket“, most maneuverable along movement in 3 axes (ex. hip)

gilding joints

connects flat or slightly curved bone surfaces to glide against one another (ex. the hand carpals)

hinge joint

convex portion fitting into a concave portion of another (ex. ulna and humerus)

pivot joint

rotation in one plane; rounded point of one bone fits into a groove of another (vertebrae joints)

ellipsoid joint

movement in two planes; oval shaped end fits into similarly oval shaped hollow (ex. wrist)

saddle joint

two plant movement (ex. flexion-extension) but no rotation like a ball-and-socket joint (ex. the thumb)

simple fracture

no separation of the bone but a crack is detectable (ex. hairline fracture)

compound fracture

when the bone breaks into separate pieces, but still organized (transverse fracture)

comminuted fracture

broken ends of bone have been shattered into many pieces

stress fracture

muscles become fatigued to absorb shock, and overstressed muscle transfers impact to the bone; causes a tiny crack (most common fracture, like wearing footwear with improper cushioning)

osteroporosis

a disease that deteriorates bone tissue and results in low bone bass; caused from drugs, alcohol, smoking, physical inactivity, and lack of vitamin D or calcium

muscular system

system of tendons, ligaments, and muscles that provides form, support, and stability to a body, thus giving humans the ability to move

smooth muscle

involuntary, dense muscle sheets that surround internal organs, and contract slower but for longer

cardiac muscle

involuntary muscle because it is controlled by autonomic nervous system; has a striped appearance and is only found in the heart to pump blood

skeletal muscle

voluntary muscles that are striated with alternating dark and light patterns; all attached to bones, and make up 30-40% of human body weight

tendons

tissue that attaches muscle to bone

ligaments

attach one or more bones together; significantly less rigid than bones (bone to bone)

sprain

when a ligament is overstretched

first degree sprain

treated easily since few ligament fibers are stretched; minimal swelling and some pain

second degree sprain

partially torn ligaments; maybe bruising; swelling and pain is considerably more

third degree sprain

entire ligament torn; surgery is required to reattach ligament to bone

separation

ligaments are disrupted, causing a tear, and bones may separate; can be caused from a fall or collision

dislocation

bone is displaced from the joint

tendonitis

inflammation of a tendon caused by irritation due to prolonged or abnormal use

arthritis

loss of cartilage at joints causing painful swelling of the joint (ex. rheumatoid arthritis or gout)

joints

point of intersection; where bones come together

action of the muscle

ex. flexor carpi ulnaris (flexion)

direction of the fibres

ex. rectus abdominis (rectus)

location of muscle

ex. tibialis anterior (anterior)

number of division/heads

ex. biceps brachii (2 heads)

shape of muscle

ex. deltoid (resembles the Greek letter delta)

muscle point of attachment

ex. sternocleidomastoid (sternum, mastoid process)

origin

point where the muscle attaches to the more stationary of the bones of the axial skeleton

insertion

point where the muscle attaches to the bone that is moved the most

function

the effect it has on the joint; the movement

isotonic contractions

same tension muscle contraction that changes length and causes movement of a body part; speed varies

concentric contraction

type of isotonic contraction; muscle shortens when contracting; most common in daily and sporting activities; consistent

eccentric contraction

type of isotonic contraction; muscle lengthens when contracting; less common and involves deceleration of a movement

isometric contraction

same distance or not moving contraction; there is no change in length

isokinetic contractions

form of muscle contraction in that the muscle changes in length during the contraction, and produce movement of a constant speed; very rare

cardiovascular system

blood flow system in human body that delivers oxygen and nutrients, removes CO2 and waste, maintains thermoregulation, and prevents infection

respiratory system

air and breathing system that delivers oxygen to body, removes CO2, and regulates blood pH levels

blood circulation

path of blood that goes between heart and lungs to deal with gas exchange, and then distribute blood flow to the rest of the body

arteries

thick vessels that carry blood away from the heart

arterioles

surrounded by rings of smooth muscle to control blood flow

capillaries

smallest, thinnest blood vessel; diffusion (gas and nutrient exchange) occurs here

venules

blood vessels that link blood from capillaries to veins, leading back to the heart

veins

when approaching heart, they have one-way valves so that blood doesn’t go backwards

skeletal muscle pump

contractions from one-way valves in veins makes pressure that moves blood to the heart

thoracic pump

every breathe fluctuates pressure in chest cavities, which affects pressure in veins; pressure of veins in abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity moves blood

nervous system pump

nervous system sends signal to constrict veins (venoconstriction), moving blood to heart

energy system

the specific mechanisms and reactions in which energy is produced and used by your body (ex. the fuel to use a car)

nutrients

chemical substances obtained from food and used by the body for various processes

carbohydrates

most abundant organic substances in nature, and are essential for human and animal life (ex. sugars and starches)

glucose

monomer (or base form) of carbohydrates and main substrate for cellular respiration; stored within skeletal muscles and within the liver as glycogen