Lab 8 Renal Physiology

-pH

-concentration of ions + water

-elimination of waste products

three things the kidneys regulate to maintain homeostasis

one million

amt of nephrons in the kidneys?

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

two main structures of a nephron

glomerulus

tuft of capillaries that blood is first filtered through when it enters the kidneys

120 ml/min

blood passes through the glomerulus at a rate of ?

renal tubule

after blood is filtered through the glomerulus, it enters the

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

nephron loop

three major parts of the renal tubule

tubular filtrate

similar to blood plasma, but lacks plasma proteins and other large molecules

70,000 MW (ex. proteins)

what size molecules are excluded from filtrate?

toxic byproducts of metabolism and excess substances the body doesn’t need (ex. salt)

what is retained in filtrate to be excreted in urine?

1 mL urine per minute

rate of urine formation

reflects the integrity of kidney function and changes in blood
composition

the final composition of urine is much different than filtrate. what does this tell us about the kidneys?

urinalysis

analyisis of urine; can tield valuable information about the health of the kidneys and the body in general

phenylketonuria

individuals are genetically unable to metabolize the
amino acid phenylalanine

phenylpyruvic acid appears in the urine

can result in developmental delays, seizures, and intellectual impairment

phenylpyruvic acid

what appears in the urine of individuals with phenylketonuria

developmental delays

seizures

intellectual impairments

the accumulation of phenylalanine in PKU patients can lead to (3)

diabetes mellitus

sugars cannot be used as fuel and fats must be, leading to an increase in ketones, causes blood pH to decrease

ketones

fatty acid metabolites found in cases of diabetes Mellitus

glucose

ketones

low pH

what in the urine inicates diabetes melittus (3)

Labstix test

combined test of urinary pH, protein, glucose, ketones, and occult blood

6, 4.5-8

typical pH of urine , typical range of urine

none or trace

typical protein of urine

none

typical glucose of urine

none

typical ketones of urine

none

typical occult blood of urine

protein rich diet

respiratory disorders

dehydration

starvation

what can cause urine to become more acidic? (4)

diet rich in citrus and dairy

vomiting

UTIs

cystitis

what can cause urine to become more alkaline? (4)

cystitis

urine decomposes in the bladder with the production of ammonia

proteinuria/ albuminuria

protein in the urine (2 names)

indicates that the glomeruli of the kidney nephrons are damaged, because blood proteins are entering the urine

glycosuria

high glucose in the urine

body cannot use glucose for energy

indicates diabetes melittus

fats, ketones

in glycosuria, what molecule must be used for energy? this results in an increase in?

ketonuria

high levels of ketones in urine

diabetes melittus

starvation

ketonuria can indicate? (2)

occult blood

blood not visible to the naked eye

structural damage in the urinary tract

occult blood suggests?

urinary tract infection

kidney stones

cancerous cells

nephritis

What might cause occult blood? (4)

nephritis

a disease in which the glomeruli are damaged and plasma proteins and erythrocytes leak into the nephrons

leads to blood in the urine and proteinuria

regulate the osmolality of body fluids

a main function of the kidneys?

300 milliosmoles per liter

what is the osmolality the kidneys aim to maintain ?

a small amount of highly concentrated urine

if an individual is dehydrated, they will excrete

a large amount of dilute urine

if an individual is overhydrated, they will excrete

800 mL water

Kidney regulation experiment, group 1

800 mL water with 7 g NaCl

Kidney regulation experiment, group 2

80 mL water with 7 g NaCl

Kidney regulation experiment, group 3

specific gravity

the ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density of distilled water

15 degrees C

urinometer is only calibrated to give a correct reading if the urine is

0.001, 3

to correct the specific gravity if urine is above or below 15 degrees C, you will adjust your value by adding ____ for every __ degrees above 15 degrees C , and subtracting that if it is below

1.0015-1.035

normal range of urine specific gravity

1.000

specific gravity of distilled water?

chronic nephritis (slow, onset kidney disease)

a low specific gravity is found in individuals with

acute nephritis (sudden, onset kidney disease)

a high specific gravity is found in individuals with

Mohr Method

the process of titrating silver nitrate to analyze the presence of chloride ions in a substance using potassium chromate as an indicator

20%, one drop

what % of potassium chromate is used in the mohr method? how much do you use?

2.9%, drop by drop

what % silver nitrate is used in the Mohr Method? how must this be added?

1g/ liter of NaCl present in the urine

Each drop of the 2.9% silver nitrate added to produce a reddish-brown solution represents