CSD Final Exam

Dysarthria

A neurological condition affecting speech motor control.

Aspiration

Food or liquid enters the airway and reaches below the vocal folds.

Oral transit phase

The phase when the bolus moves from the front to the back of the mouth.

Conductive hearing loss treatment

Amplification via hearing aids.

Common cause of hearing loss in young children

Otitis media.

AAC system

Does not require intact cognitive abilities for effective use.

Normal conversation level

Typically occurs around 60 dB.

Hypokinetic dysarthria

The most common type of dysarthria in individuals with Parkinson’s disease.

Advanced diagnostic imaging for dysphagia

Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS) and Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES).

Bone conduction

Audiologic assessment that directly stimulates the cochlea.

Pharyngeal phase of swallowing

Involves the velum raising and covering the nasal cavity; epiglottis covers airway.

Esophageal phase

The phase where the bolus enters the esophagus.

Hearing loss in children

Profound hearing loss results in no access to speech sounds without amplification.

Flaccid dysarthria

Caused by damage to cranial or spinal nerves in the PNS.

Physical characteristics of flaccid dysarthria

Weakness, flaccidity (hypotonia), and hypoactive gag reflex.

Common causes of spastic dysarthria

Cerebral palsy, ALS, stroke.

Ataxic dysarthria

Caused by damage to the cerebellum.

Physical characteristics of ataxic dysarthria

Tremors and poor coordination.

Perceptual characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria

Monopitch and reduced loudness.

Hyperkinetic dysarthria

Caused by damage to the basal ganglia.

Common causes of hyperkinetic dysarthria

Huntington’s disease.

Diadochokinetic rate

A task where patients produce rapid syllables like pa-pa-pa.

Types of AAC - No-tech AAC

Involves materials like paper and pencil, and alphabet boards.

Types of AAC - Low tech AAC

Simple technology with limited functions, e.g., BIGmack.

Types of AAC - Mid tech AAC

Devices with some electrical power and limited programming, e.g., Go Talk 20+.

Types of AAC - High tech AAC

Complex electronic devices requiring training, e.g., iPads.

Conductive hearing loss

Loss affecting the outer and middle ear.

Sensorineural hearing loss

Loss affecting the inner ear (cochlea/auditory nerve).

Mixed hearing loss

Involves both conductive and sensorineural loss.

Peripheral auditory system

Comprises outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear.

Central auditory system

Includes the auditory brainstem and auditory cortex of the brain.

Normal speech volume for conversation

Typically around 60 dB.

Factors affecting hearing in children with mild hearing loss

Rely more on memory and attention, may face phonological development delays.

Unilateral hearing loss effects

Difficulties in localizing sound and hearing in noise.

Treatment for conductive hearing loss

Hearing aids for amplification.

Physical characteristics of spastic dysarthria

Increased muscle tone and hyperactive gag reflex.

Perceptual characteristics of ataxic dysarthria

Excess and equal stress during speech.

Physical characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria

Rigidity and masked facial expression.

Common characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria

Involuntary movements and fast speaking rate.

Types of AAC - Alphabet boards

A no-tech AAC option.

Definition of apraxia

An impaired ability to plan or program motor commands needed for speech.

Flaccid dysarthria symptoms

Nasal-sounding speech and short phrases.

Strained voice quality

Not associated with flaccid dysarthria.

Role of bolus in esophageal phase

Facilitates wave-like contractions to reach the stomach.

Meaning of 'breathy voice' in dysarthria

A perceptual characteristic often seen in flaccid dysarthria.

Role of the epiglottis

Covers the airway during swallowing.

Significance of the tympanic membrane

Part of the middle ear involved in hearing.

Impact of profound hearing loss on development

Severe interference with academic and social skills.

Initial therapies for speech disorders

Involve tasks like diadochokinetic rates.

Benefits of early diagnosis of hearing loss in children

Helps improve outcomes when amplified.

Physical effects of ataxic dysarthria

Tremors and coordination difficulties.

Role of technology in AAC

Advances communication efficiency for users.

Consequences of conductive losses on sound transmission

Prevents sound from being conducted efficiently to the cochlea.