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Dysarthria
A neurological condition affecting speech motor control.
Aspiration
Food or liquid enters the airway and reaches below the vocal folds.
Oral transit phase
The phase when the bolus moves from the front to the back of the mouth.
Conductive hearing loss treatment
Amplification via hearing aids.
Common cause of hearing loss in young children
Otitis media.
AAC system
Does not require intact cognitive abilities for effective use.
Normal conversation level
Typically occurs around 60 dB.
Hypokinetic dysarthria
The most common type of dysarthria in individuals with Parkinson’s disease.
Advanced diagnostic imaging for dysphagia
Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS) and Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES).
Bone conduction
Audiologic assessment that directly stimulates the cochlea.
Pharyngeal phase of swallowing
Involves the velum raising and covering the nasal cavity; epiglottis covers airway.
Esophageal phase
The phase where the bolus enters the esophagus.
Hearing loss in children
Profound hearing loss results in no access to speech sounds without amplification.
Flaccid dysarthria
Caused by damage to cranial or spinal nerves in the PNS.
Physical characteristics of flaccid dysarthria
Weakness, flaccidity (hypotonia), and hypoactive gag reflex.
Common causes of spastic dysarthria
Cerebral palsy, ALS, stroke.
Ataxic dysarthria
Caused by damage to the cerebellum.
Physical characteristics of ataxic dysarthria
Tremors and poor coordination.
Perceptual characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria
Monopitch and reduced loudness.
Hyperkinetic dysarthria
Caused by damage to the basal ganglia.
Common causes of hyperkinetic dysarthria
Huntington’s disease.
Diadochokinetic rate
A task where patients produce rapid syllables like pa-pa-pa.
Types of AAC - No-tech AAC
Involves materials like paper and pencil, and alphabet boards.
Types of AAC - Low tech AAC
Simple technology with limited functions, e.g., BIGmack.
Types of AAC - Mid tech AAC
Devices with some electrical power and limited programming, e.g., Go Talk 20+.
Types of AAC - High tech AAC
Complex electronic devices requiring training, e.g., iPads.
Conductive hearing loss
Loss affecting the outer and middle ear.
Sensorineural hearing loss
Loss affecting the inner ear (cochlea/auditory nerve).
Mixed hearing loss
Involves both conductive and sensorineural loss.
Peripheral auditory system
Comprises outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear.
Central auditory system
Includes the auditory brainstem and auditory cortex of the brain.
Normal speech volume for conversation
Typically around 60 dB.
Factors affecting hearing in children with mild hearing loss
Rely more on memory and attention, may face phonological development delays.
Unilateral hearing loss effects
Difficulties in localizing sound and hearing in noise.
Treatment for conductive hearing loss
Hearing aids for amplification.
Physical characteristics of spastic dysarthria
Increased muscle tone and hyperactive gag reflex.
Perceptual characteristics of ataxic dysarthria
Excess and equal stress during speech.
Physical characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria
Rigidity and masked facial expression.
Common characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria
Involuntary movements and fast speaking rate.
Types of AAC - Alphabet boards
A no-tech AAC option.
Definition of apraxia
An impaired ability to plan or program motor commands needed for speech.
Flaccid dysarthria symptoms
Nasal-sounding speech and short phrases.
Strained voice quality
Not associated with flaccid dysarthria.
Role of bolus in esophageal phase
Facilitates wave-like contractions to reach the stomach.
Meaning of 'breathy voice' in dysarthria
A perceptual characteristic often seen in flaccid dysarthria.
Role of the epiglottis
Covers the airway during swallowing.
Significance of the tympanic membrane
Part of the middle ear involved in hearing.
Impact of profound hearing loss on development
Severe interference with academic and social skills.
Initial therapies for speech disorders
Involve tasks like diadochokinetic rates.
Benefits of early diagnosis of hearing loss in children
Helps improve outcomes when amplified.
Physical effects of ataxic dysarthria
Tremors and coordination difficulties.
Role of technology in AAC
Advances communication efficiency for users.
Consequences of conductive losses on sound transmission
Prevents sound from being conducted efficiently to the cochlea.
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