Endocrine system Review

ADH

Stimulates kidneys to conserve water (Hypothalamus)

OXT

Stimulates contraction during labor and promotes milk EJECTION (Hypothalamus)

Regulatory Hormones

Releasing hormone and inhibiting hormone (Hypothalamus)

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) Target

Adrenal cortex (hypothalamus)

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) effect

stimulates release of adrenal cortex hormones (hypothalamus)

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Stimulates Thyroid (hypothalamus)

GH Target

liver, muscle, bone, cartilage (hypothalamus)

PRL Target

Mammary glands (hypothalamus)

PRL Effect

Stimulates milk PRODUCTION (hypothalamus)

FSH Target

Ovaries and Testes (hypothalamus)

FSH effect women

stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production (hypothalamus)

FSH effect men

Stimulates sperm maturation (hypothalamus)

LH Target

ovaries and testes (hypothalamus)

LH effect females

triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone (hypothalamus)

LH effect males

stimulates testosterone production (hypothalamus)

OXT is produced in

hypothalamus

OXT is secreted by

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland

ADH is produced by

hypothalamus

ADH is secreted by

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland

Melatonin

influence circadian rhythm (pineal gland)

Thyroid gland (T4 Thyroxine, and T3 Triiodothyronine)

– Elevate oxygen and energy
consumption; in children
– Increase heart rate
– Increase sensitivity to sympathetic
stimulation
– Stimulate red blood cell formation
– Accelerate turnover of minerals in
bone

Thyroid Gland (CT Calcitonin)

Stimulates Ca2+ excretion by kidneys and prevents Ca2+ absorption by digestive tract

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine effects in skeletal muscle

triggers mobilization of glycogen reserves and accelerate breakdown of glucose

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine effects in adipose tissue

stored fats are broken down into fatty acids

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine effects in the liver

glycogen molecules are broken down

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine effects in the heart

stimulation of B1 receptors speeds and strengthens cardiac muscle contraction

cortisol

anti inflammatory effects (adrenal glands, cortex)

aldosterone

increase renal absorption of Na+ and water (adrenal glands cortex)

Insulin

stimulates transport of glucose into target cells (pancreas)

glucagon

stimulates glycogen breakdown and glucose release by liver (pancreas)

examples of amino acid derivative hormones

epinephrine norepinephrine dopamine

examples to peptide hormones

ADH OXT Insulin

examples to lipid derivative hormones

androgens estrogens and progesterone

what determines hormonal sensitivity of a cell

presence or absence of a specific receptor

1st messenger

hormone that binds to extracellular receptor and promotes release of second messenger in cell

2nd messenger

intermediary molecule that appears due to hormone receptor interaction

Pancreas exocrine function

release of digestive enzymes and solutions to duodenum

pancreas endocrine function

release of insulin and glucagon

hyperglycemia

High blood sugar

T1DME

Body stops making insulin

T2DME

Insulin resistance