homo sapiens

what did homo sapiens likely arise from?

african homo heidelbergensis

homo sapien cranial capacity

large, within range of neanderthals

homo sapien brain case

parallel-sided

homo sapien brow ridge

no real one, but supercilliary arch above each eye

canine fossa

bump over canine root

homo sapien vertical frontal bone

forehead

homo sapien occipital lobe

rounded, not torus or bun

homo sapien face

tucked below forehead/brain

homo sapien mandible

sticks out anteriorly from incisors— true chin

homo sapien upper limb

reduced muscularity

homo sapien hands

capable of fine motor control

homo sapien bipedal gait

refined

homo sapien skeletal robusticity

lack

where did homo sapiens evolve?

africa

where were the oldest homo sapien fossils found?

ethiopia

how old is the oldest fossil?

230,000 years

qafzeh and skhul cave, palestine

early form of homo sapiens who just barely made it out of africa and went extinct shortly later

cromagnon rock shelter, france

30,000 year old homo sapien specimens indicating symbolic behavior

cromagnon rock shelter, france evidence of symbolic behavior

• more complex tools than neanderthals

• animal teeth with carvings on them

• shells and teeth used as beads

when were homo sapiens all over africa and into palestine?

100,000 years ago

when did homo sapiens originate in africa?

200,000 years ago

pinnacle point, south africa

• evidence of eating shellfish: good omega-3 fatty acids— important for brain growth and development

• even more complex tools made of silcrete

• engraved shells, beads, and ocre

silcrete tools

flaky type of rock, strong when heat treated

agriculture or hunting and gathering?

hunting and gathering

early indicators of modern behavior

• hunting and gathering

• shelters were constructed

• cave art and carved symbols

• development of language

• death rituals

homo naledi location

cave in south africa

homo naledi origin

possibly one of the oldest species of homo

homo naledi

fossils from at least 15 individuals mixed of primitive and homo like features

homo naledi indication

possible burial of the dead

homo floresiensis location

large limestone cave in flores, indonesia

homo floresiensis found with what?

stone tools and animal remains

homo floresiensis brain size

very small like chimp

homo floresiensis evidence supporting homo sapiens with microcephaly

• associated with complex stone tools

• initially thought to be very recent

microcephaly

smaller than normal head

homo floresiensis against homo sapien

• more accurate dating to around homo erectus time

• no true chin

• slight brow ridge and sloping forehead

• big feet

homo floresiensis isolated descendant of homo erectus support

• elements of cranium resemblance

  • slight brow ridge

  • degree of prognathism

  • teeth

homo floresiensis isolated descendant of homo erectus against

complex stone tools

island rule

after many generations on an isolated island, large species tend to become smaller, and small species tend to become larger

island rule explanation

predation and competition for food

homo floresiensis consensus

• descendant of homo erectus that was isolated on an island and became very small via island dwarfism

• persisted longer than homo erectus