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Bit
The smallest unit of data in a computer, represented as either a 0 or a 1, and forms the basic building block for digital information.
Byte
A group of 8 bits that represent a single character of data, such as a letter, number, or symbol.
Binary
A numerical system that represents values using only two digits: 0 and 1. This system is fundamental to the operation of computers.
Decimal
The standard numerical system used in mathematics, consisting of ten digits from 0 to 9, allowing for the representation of numbers in base 10.
Overflow Error
An error that occurs when a calculation produces a number larger than can be stored in the memory allocated for it, leading to incorrect results.
Round-off Error
An error that arises when a number cannot be precisely represented within the limits of a specific data type, causing it to be approximated to a value that is rounded.
Rgb Color Scheme
A color model where colors are created by combining different intensities of red, green, and blue light, with each intensity represented numerically from 0 to 255.
Hexcode Color Scheme
A way to represent colors using hexadecimal notation, where a six-digit code defines the levels of red, green, and blue light in a color.
Analog Data
Information represented in a continuous form, where values can change smoothly and can take any value within a given range over time.
Digital Data
Information represented in discrete binary values (0s and 1s), which changes in distinct steps rather than in a continuous manner.
Sampling
The process of converting analog data into a digital format by measuring its value at regular intervals, creating discrete data points.
Data Compression
Techniques used to reduce the size of a data file, minimizing the amount of storage space required, and improving transmission speeds without losing essential information.
Lossless Compression
A method of data compression where the original data can be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data, ensuring no loss of information.
Lossy Compression
A data compression technique that reduces file size by permanently eliminating certain information, resulting in a loss of quality in the recovered data.
Abstraction
The principle of simplifying complex systems by reducing the details to focus on higher-level concepts and functionalities.
Creative Commons
A nonprofit organization that provides free licenses for creators to give permissions for their work, allowing for sharing and use while protecting their rights.
Intellectual Property
Legal rights protecting creations of the mind, including inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, and images used in commerce.
Open Access
A publishing model that allows unrestricted access to the full texts of research outputs, enabling readers to freely read and reuse scholarly work.
Open Source
Software whose source code is made available for anyone to inspect, modify, and enhance, promoting collaborative improvement and community development.
Internet
A vast network of interconnected computer networks that use standardized communication protocols, allowing devices worldwide to share and exchange information.
Computing Device
Any electronic device capable of processing data according to programmed instructions, including desktops, laptops, tablets, servers, and smartphones.
Computing System
A combination of hardware and software working together to perform tasks, providing input, processing, output, and data storage functionality.
Computing Network
A collection of devices interconnected to facilitate resource sharing, communication, and data exchange over wired or wireless connections.
Path
The sequence of connections and data routes established between devices in a network, determining how data is transmitted.
Bit Rate
A measure of the speed at which data is transmitted over a network, often expressed as the number of bits transferred per second.
Bandwidth
The maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network connection in a given time frame, typically measured in bits per second.
Latency
The time delay that occurs in transmitting data from one point to another in a network, affecting the speed of communication.
Metadata
Data that provides information about other data, offering context such as origin, creation date, and structure, aiding in data organization and retrieval.
Protocol
A set of rules and conventions that dictate how data is transmitted and received over a network, ensuring proper communication between devices.
IP Address
A unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a network that identifies and locates the device within the internet infrastructure.
Internet Protocol (IP)
A set of communication rules that govern the transfer of data across the internet, assigning unique addresses to facilitate device identification.
Router
A networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks, directing traffic and ensuring that information reaches its destination.
Redundancy
The inclusion of extra components or systems within a computing framework to ensure that operations can continue smoothly in the case of failure of one or more parts.
Packet
A formatted unit of data carried over a packet-switched network, containing both the payload (actual data) and metadata to help with routing.
Packet Metadata
Additional information included in packets that includes sender and receiver addresses, error-checking data, and sequencing information.
Routing
The process used to determine the best path for packet data to travel through a network from sender to receiver.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
A communication protocol used on the internet that enables fast transmission of messages without guaranteeing reliability, often used in streaming.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
A protocol for reliable communication on the internet that ensures packets are delivered in order and verified for accuracy.
World Wide Web
A system of interlinked hypertext documents and multimedia content accessed via the internet, utilizing web browsers to navigate.
Scalability
The capacity of a system to accommodate an increasing number of users or an expanding amount of data without performance degradation.
Datastream
The continuous flow of data transmitted through the internet in packets, often used in streaming media and real-time communications.
DNS (Domain Name System)
The hierarchical naming system used to translate human-readable domain names into numerical IP addresses that computers can understand.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
The specific address used to access a resource on the World Wide Web, indicating its location and the protocol to use.
HTTP
HyperText Transfer Protocol, the foundational protocol for transmitting hypertext via the web, allowing for web pages and resources to communicate.
GET request
An HTTP method used to request data from a specified resource on a web server, retrieving information without modifying it.
POST request
An HTTP method used to send data to a server to create or update a resource, typically used when submitting form data.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
The standard language used for creating and designing web pages, defining the structure and layout of content.
Cookie
A small piece of data stored on the user’s computer by a web browser that retains information about the user’s preferences and activity on websites.
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
A security protocol that establishes encrypted links between a web server and a browser, ensuring that all data transferred remains private.
Digital Divide
The gap between individuals, households, businesses, and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels in their access to and use of information and communication technology.
Net Neutrality
The principle that all internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers, without discrimination or charging differently.
Internet Censorship
The control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the internet, typically imposed by governments or organizations.
Subdomain
A division of a larger domain, providing a way to organize a website or resource further and creating a distinct area within the overall domain.
Syntax Error
An error in code that occurs when the rules of the programming language are violated, preventing the program from running properly.
Runtime Error
An error that occurs during the execution of a program, often caused by illegal operations or unexpected conditions.
Logical Error
A mistake in a program's algorithms or logic that leads to incorrect results, even though the program may run without crashing.
Comment
Textual documentation embedded within code to describe its functionality or provide context for other programmers, often ignored by the compiler.
Debugging
The systematic process of identifying, isolating, and removing errors or defects in a program to improve its functionality.
Program
A sequence of instructions written in a programming language designed to perform a specific task or solve a given problem.
User Interface
The means by which a user interacts with a computer program or system, including input methods (like keyboard and mouse) and output displays.
Input
Data that is sent to a computer or program for processing, which may come from various sources such as user commands, sensors, or other applications.
Output
Any data generated by a program and presented to the user or sent to another device, which can include text, graphics, sound, or data files.
Program Statement
A single line of code that expresses a command, operation, or declaration in a programming language.
Sequential Programming
A programming approach where statements are executed in a linear sequence, one after another, from beginning to end.
Event Driven Programming
A programming paradigm where the flow of execution is determined by events, such as user actions or messages from other programs.
Documentation
Written descriptions and explanations of the code, commands, or processes used in a program, aimed at facilitating understanding and maintenance.
Incremental Development Process
A software development strategy that focuses on building a product in small, manageable segments or increments.
Iterative Development Process
A software development approach that involves repeated cycles (iterations) of building, testing, and improving upon software.
Plagiarism
The act of using someone else's work or ideas without appropriate attribution, which is considered unethical and a violation of intellectual property rights.
Program Requirements
Detailed specifications that outline the expected functions, performance, and constraints of a software program from the perspective of its users.
Expression
A combination of variables, operators, and values used in programming to compute a value or result.
Assignment Operator
A symbol (commonly '=') used in programming to assign a value to a variable, allowing for storage and further manipulation.
Variable
A named entity in a program that holds data values, allowing for data storage and retrieval throughout the code.
Boolean Value
A data type that can hold one of two values: true or false, often used in conditional statements and logical operations.
Comparison Operators
Symbols used in programming to compare two values or expressions, resulting in a Boolean value (true or false).
Function
A reusable block of code designed to perform a specific task, which can take inputs and may return a value.
Function Call
The process of invoking a function in a program, causing it to execute its defined behavior and return a result.
Arithmetic Operator
Symbols used in programming to perform mathematical calculations, including addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), and division (/).
Boolean Expression
An expression that evaluates to either true or false, typically involving Boolean variables and comparison operators.
Concatenation
The operation of joining two or more strings end-to-end to create a single, combined string.
Conditional Statement
A programming construct that executes different blocks of code depending on whether a specified condition evaluates to true or false.
Logical Operator
Symbols used in programming to perform operations on Boolean values, resulting in true or false outcomes.
Procedure
A subroutine or a block of code that performs a specific task and may return results to the calling program.
Selection
A control structure in programming that determines which statements execute based on Boolean conditions.
String
A sequence of characters treated as a single data type in programming, commonly used for text representation.
List
An ordered collection of items or elements, often allowing for efficient indexing and access in programming.
Element
An individual item within a list, each assigned a specific position or index allowing it to be uniquely identified.
Index
A numerical representation of an element's position within a list, typically starting from zero.
Iteration
The process of repeatedly executing a set of instructions or statements, commonly achieved using loops.
Infinite Loop
A loop in a program that continues indefinitely because its terminating condition is never met, often leading to program failure.
Traversal
The process of systematically accessing and processing each item in a data structure (like a list) one at a time.
Append
Adding one or more elements to the end of a list or collection, increasing its size.
Remove
Deleting a specific element from a list, thereby reducing its size.
Insert
Adding an element at a specified position within a list, shifting other elements as necessary.
Data Abstraction
The concept of representing complex data structures by defining its behavior and properties without revealing the underlying implementation details.
Loops
Control structures in programming that allow for the repeated execution of code segments until a specified condition is met.
Logic Error
An error that occurs when a program runs without crashing but produces incorrect results due to flawed logic.
Simulation
The imitation of a real-world process or system over time, used for analyzing complex interactions and behaviors.
Substring
A contiguous sequence of characters within a larger string, often extracted for analysis or manipulation.
Problem
A general statement describing an issue or task that requires a solution, often addressed algorithmically.
