practical 2 - blood pressure/pulse

cardiac cycle

the cycle of contraction and relaxation of both atria and ventricles

systole

contraction

diastole

relaxation

out of chambers

where is blood pumped during systole

filling chambers

where is blood going during diastole

atrial diastole

phases of cardiac cycle: blood delivered into atria via veins

atrial diastole

phases of cardiac cycle: 80% of blood flows passively into the ventricles that are in diastole

atrial systole

phases of cardiac cycle: last 20% of blood left in atria delivered to the ventricles

ventricular systole

phases of cardiac cycle: begins shortly after atrial systole

ventricular systole

phases of cardiac cycle: ventricular contraction begins, pressure rises, closing the AV valves

ventricular systole

phases of cardiac cycle: ejection phase - as pressure begins to rise, blood is pumped into the great arteries

ventricular diastole

phases of cardiac cycle: cycle repeats

ventricular filling

phases of cardiac cycle: when atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure, the AV valves are forced open and blood flows passively into the atria and on through to the ventricles

ventricular filling with atrial contraction

phases of cardiac cycle: the atria contract to complete the filling. Ventricular diastole ends and so the end diastolic volume is achieved.

isovolumic contraction

phases of cardiac cycle: the contraction of the ventricles begins and ventricular pressure increases, closing the AV valves

ventricular ejection

phases of cardiac cycle: ventricular pressure continues to rise; when the pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the great vessels exiting the heart, the SL valves open, and blood is ejected

isovolumetric relaxation

phases of cardiac cycle: the ventricle relax, decreasing the pressure in the ventricles; the decrease in pressure causes the SL valves to close.

dicrotic notch

during isovolumetric contraction, the __ __ is the result of a pressure fluctuation that occurs when the aortic valve snaps shut

stethoscope

what is used to auscultate sound

lub

closure of AV valves

dub

closure of SL valves

heart murmur

an abnormal heart sound

valves

a heart murmur indicates a defect in one of the __

aortic valve

sounds are heard in second intercostal space at right sternal margin

pulmonary valve

sounds are heard in second intercostal space at left sternal margin

mitral valve

sounds are heard over heart apex, in fifth intercostal space in line with middle of clavicle

tricuspid valve

sounds are typically heard in right sternal margin of fifth intercostal space; variations include over sternum or over left sternum or over left sternal margin in fifth intercostal space

second intercostal, right sternal

aortic valve: sounds are heard in __ __ space at __ __ margin

second intercostal, left sternal

pulmonary valve: sounds are heard in __ __ space at __ __ margin

apex, fifth intercostal, clavicle

mitral valve: sounds are heard over heart __, in _ _ space in line with middle of _

right sternal, fifth intercostal

tricuspid valve: sounds are typically heard in __ __ margin of _ _ space

heart rate

number of beats per minute

60-100 bpm

normal range for resting heart rate

70-76 bpm

average resting heart rate

60 seconds/heart beat duration = HR

formula to calculate heart rate from heart beat length

blood pressure

pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

systolic blood pressure

pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries during ventricular systole

diastolic blood pressure

pressure exerted against the arterial wall during ventricular diastole

mmHg

units of blood pressure

sphygmomanometer

blood pressure is measured using a __

SBP/DBP mmHg

formula/expression of blood pressure

120/80 mmHg

normal blood pressure is less than

normal, 120, 80

__ BP: less than __ AND less than __

elevated, 120, 129, 80

__ BP: between _ and _ AND less than _

high (hypertension stage 1), 130, 139, 80, 89

__ BP: between __ and _ OR between __ and __

high (hypertension stage 2), 140, 90

_ BP: __ or higher OR __ or higher

hypertensive crisis, 180, 120

__ BP: higher than __ AND/OR higher than __

no sounds

sounds heard when artery is closed

sounds heard

sounds heard hen artery is opening and closing

no sound

sounds heard when artery is open

upper left arm

where do you place the blood pressure cuff

brachial

place stethescope on what artery

160 mmHg

do not inflate the cuff higher than

systolic pressure

first sound heard in the stethoscope, what is the pressure reading

diastolic pressure

when sound disappears, what is the pressure reading

total peripheral resistance

the total amount of force exerted on circulating blood by the vasculature

stroke volume

the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle during one contraction

70 ml

what is the average stroke volume

cardiac output

the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

CO = SVxHR

cardiac output equation

BP = COxTPR

blood pressure equation

pulse pressure = SBP - DBP

pulse pressure equation

mean arterial pressure

the average pressure in a patient’s arteries during one cardiac cycle

mean arterial pressure

represents the force generated by the heart during contraction

mean arterial pressure

considered a better indicator of perfusion to vital organs than SBP

MAP = DBP + (pulse pressure/3)

mean arterial pressure equation