CSB520 - Definitions

Infarction

Area of necrosis

Thrombus

Blood clot attached to the wall of the vessel or heart chamber

Embolus

Anything undissolved travelling in the blood

Aneurysm

Localised abnormal ballooning out or dilatation of part of vessel/ventricle wall

Atheroma / Atherosclerosis

Sclerotic plaque which represents an area of chronic inflammation within the wall of an artery

Congestion

Passive build up of blood within a vessel which increases hydrostatic pressure

Effusion

Increased fluid in the interstitial tissue

Exudate

High protein oedematous fluid caused by increased hydrostatic pressure from hyperaemia and increased vascular permeability

Transudate

Low protein oedematous fluid caused by increase in hydrostatic pressure and reduced colloidal osmotic pressure

Haemmorhage

Loss of blood from damaged vessel, the blood may be lost outside of the body, into surrounding tissue or body cavity

Haematoma

Bruise or accumulation of blood constituents in a tissue, organ or body cavity

Tumour

originally used to denote swelling

Benign

friendly

Malignant

potentially fatal

Ischaemia

Lack of oxygenated blood supply to a body part.

May occur because a gradual loss of blood over time (chronic) or may appear suddenly (acute). It may be partial or complete. Different cell types show differing abilities to tolerate this stress depending upon their energy needs, ability to undergo anaerobic metabolism & previous damage/age.

Hypoxia

Lack of oxygen, inadequate oxygen tension at cellular level

Hypoxaemia

Lack of oxygen (reduced concentration) in arterial blood

A-

Prefix meaning lack of, without, away from, not

Hyper-

Prefix meaning excessive, above, beyond

Hypo-

Prefix meaning under, below, beneath, deficient

-aemia

Suffix means blood, blood condition

Haema-

Prefix means blood

Epi-

Prefix meaning on, upon, uppermost

Endo-

Prefix meaning inward, within, innermost

Myo-

Prefix meaning muscle

Labile

continuously dividing

Stable

quiescent

Permanent

non-dividing

Autophagy

self-eating so cells shrink

inresponse to reduced resources or removal of deada organelles

as we age, the cells ability to undergo autophagy declines

Homogenous vs Heterogenous

Homogenous = group of same cells - benign - encapsulated

Heterogenous = group of different cells - malignant - infiltrative/invasive

-oma

suffix meaning benign

Sarcoma

rare malignant tumour, connective tissue

Carcinoma

malignant and epithelial cell of origin

-blastomas

malignant, never normal well-differentiated cell

Apoptosis

active programmed cell death

Necrosis

passive cell death that can affect neighbouring cells

Hyperplasia

increase number of cells

Neoplasia

presence or formation of new abnormal growth of tissue

Dysplasia

change in normal cell type to abnormal cell type within a tissue

Angiogenesis

development of new blood vessels

Metastasis

spread cancer to other sites in the body by metastasis

Metaplasia

change in normal cell type to another normal cell type

Hypertrophy

increase in cell size

Atrophy

decrease in cell size or number