FX Biology 30 Reproduction and Development

Epididymis

Duct located above seminiferous tubules

-Storage and maturation of sperm

Testes

Site of production of male gametes (sperm) and sex hormones (testosterone)

FSH

In the ovary-acts on primary follicles to develop into secondary follicle (which containing ovum/egg) In the testes, acts to start spermatogenesis

Chorion

develops into the placenta

2nd Trimester

-all organs form,

-Placenta begins to secrete estrogen and progesterone

gastrula

An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

pelvic inflammatory disease

an inflammation of the female reproductive organs. Can lead to infertility by causing permanent blockage of fallopian tubes

Prostate gland

Alkaline buffer and mucus that protects sperm against acidic environments in the urethra and vagina

Urethra

Duct carrying both semen and urine through penis

Ovaries

Site of oogenesis (creation of eggs / ovum) and release of estrogen and progesterone

Penis

Carries semen into the female reproductive tract.

Secondary sex characters

Associated with male/female traits (i.e. facial hair, wide hips)

Seminiferous Tubules

Site of sperm production within the testes (process called spermatogenesis)

Sperm cell

Male haploid gamete

Flagellum

for sperm locomotion (labelled D)

Fallopian Tube

-Carries ovum to Uterus

-FERTILIZATION occurs here

Uterus

Holds and nourishes developing fetus

Cervix

Muscular band separating vagina from uterus

secrete reproductive hormones

(Holds fetus in place)

Vagina

Connects uterus with outer environment

-Sexual intercourse occurs here

LH

• in females, promotes ovulation and the formation of corpus luteum within ovary, producing progesterone.

• In males, stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone

Menstrual Cycle

28-day pattern that prepares the uterus for pregnancy

Blastocyst

Contains an inner cell mass that will develop into the embryo

Amnion

Fluid filled sac, which protects the embryo from trauma and temperature fluctuations allows freedom and movement, and prevents limbs from sticking to the body

Allantois

Forms the foundation for the umbilical cord.

Placenta

structure provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and removes waste products from the baby's blood

Umbilical cord

Site of exchange of oxygen-rich blood between fetus and mother

1st Trimester

-Development of germ layers, extra-embryonic structures and nervous system and heart

3rd Trimester

Fetus grows rapidly

-Organ systems mature, respiratory system matures last

Teratogens

Refers to any agent that causes a structual abnormality due to exposure during pregnancy. (I.e. Cigarette smoke, alcohol)

Parturition

Act of giving birth. commonly referred to as Labour.

Lactation

secretion and formation of breast milk in the mother.

Artificial Insemination (AI)

Sperm are collected and concentrated before being placed in the women's vagina.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Possible solution for women with blocked oviducts. Fertilization occurs outside the body and the developing embryo is later placed in the uterus.

head of sperm

contains haploid DNA (labelled B)

midpiece

the portion of the tail of a sperm closest to the head, containing mitochondria (labelled C)

Endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

Ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces brain, sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

Mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, blood and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

Morula

a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed.

Fertilization

Fusion of an egg and sperm cell. in humans, this occurs in the falloipian tubes

gastrulation

In animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula.

amniocentesis

needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis. Can determine chromosome abnormalities in the fetus

chorionic villus sampling

sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis. Can be done earlier than amniocentesis

Surrogacy

the act of giving birth to a child for another person or a couple who then adopts or takes legal custody of the child

implantation

The process by which the zygote attaches to the uterine wall

Progesterone

hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women. Maintains the lining of the endometrium

endometrium

inner lining of the uterus
secretes reproductive hormones

Estrogen

hormone released by the ovaries.

- responsible for primary and secondary sex characteristics in females.

Released during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle to build up the lining of the endometrium.

luteal phase

period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28). The corpus luteum of the ovary secretes high levels of estrogen and progesterone

follicular phase

days 1-14 of the ovarian cycle. FSH stimulates the ovaries to develop an egg in side a follicles. Estrogen is produced

Ovulation

The process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month. Occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle. Is caused by High levels of FH.

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

secreted by the embryo. Stimulates the corpus luteum to continue to produce estrogen & progesterone. Used in pregnancy tests.

Prolactin

a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It stimulates milk production.

Oxytocin

A hormone (made in the hypothalamus, released by the posterior pituitary) that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk release during breastfeeding.

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Embryo

An organism in the earliest stage of development. In humans, this stage encompasses the first 9 weeks of development

acrosome

A region at the head of a sperm cell that contains digestive enzymes that help to penetrate the egg

Sexually Transmitted Infection

Any pathogen that spreads from one person to another during sexual contact

tubal ligation

a surgical sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are sealed or cut to prevent sperm from reaching a mature ovum

vasectomy

removal of a segment of the vas deferens to produce sterility in the male

Interstitial cells

Lies between seminiferous tubules

Produce testosterone. Influenced by LH from the pituitary

Sertoli cells

Secrete Chemicals required for the nourishment and development of sperm cells

-Responsible for spermatogenesis

Acrosome

Contains an enzyme to penetrate layers surrounding the ovum

Scrotum

Sac holding testes outside body

Vas Deferens

Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

-Tubes connected (leads) to ejaculatory duct

Ejaculatory Duct

Regulates the movement of semen into the urethra

Seminal vesicles

Produce mucus-like fluid containing sugar fructose which provides energy for sperm.

Cowper's gland / bulbourethral gland

Protects against acid in urethra and increases moblitily

Testosterone

Influences development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics in males