Ethics in Human Research and Statistical Concepts

Flashcards focused on key ethical principles and research designs relevant to human subjects and statistical concepts.

Nuremberg Code

A set of ethical guidelines for human experimentation that resulted from unethical Nazi experiments during WWII.

Belmont Report

A report that established ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human subjects, including respect, beneficence, and justice.

Beneficence

The ethical principle that researchers should maximize benefits and minimize harm to participants.

Integrity

The ethical principle that researchers must be honest and transparent in their work.

Justice

The ethical principle that research should be fair and not exploit or exclude groups unfairly.

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

In the context of research ethics, __ is the principle that researchers should maximize benefits and minimize harm.

Active Deception

Deliberately misleading participants with false information during a study.

Passive Deception

Withholding certain details about a study from participants.

External Validity

The extent to which study findings can be generalized to other settings, populations, or times.

Effect Size

A measure of the strength of a relationship or difference between variables in a research study.

Sampling Error

The difference between a sample statistic and the true population parameter.

Probability Sampling

Sampling methods where every individual has a known chance of being selected.

Non-Probability Sampling

Sampling methods where not everyone has an equal chance of selection.

Quasi-Experimental Design

A research design that resembles an experiment but lacks full control over variables, such as random assignment.

Confounding Variables

Variables that may affect the dependent variable other than the independent variable being studied.

Between-Subjects Design

An experimental design where different groups of participants experience different levels of the independent variable.

Counterbalancing

A method to control for order effects by varying the order of conditions across participants.