anth 1000 final

in a market economy, what has value?

material things

in a market economy, what is a good person ?

someone with material wealth

in a market economy, what is a good life ?

enjoying material wealth

market economy

controlled by supply and demand. Goods and services flow through a medium of exchange.

currency

Essential for a market economy to work and can be anything and changes overtime.

examples of currency

bits of metal, paper, credit cards, cryptocurrency

Intrinsic Value

something that is necessary to human survival no matter what the social context

four items which we value (too much) but have no intrinsic value

gold, oil, cell phones, a college diploma

three items which have intrinsic value which we do not value enough (until we dont have them)

water, clean air, other humans

How are economic theories connected to the Nature v. Nurture Debate?

* nature — we are controlled by our instincts
* nurture — we control our behavior depending on cultural needs

Explain the theory of Neo-Classical Economics

we discover the laws of economics and must build society based on these laws (nature)

4) Explain the theory of Reality Economics

we create the laws of economics and can change them to fit our cultural needs/values (nurture)

5) What do we mean when we say that economic practices are culturally embedded?

They are a reflection of our cultural value system ; our enculturation process

6) What are the three thing which any economic system tells us about a culture?

* what has value
* what is a good person
* what is a good life

7) What are the three Ethics of human economic behavior?

* individual ethic
* extreme individualism
* communitarian ethic

8) Explain the Individual Ethic.

society exists to promote and protect the rights and happiness of the individual BUT the individual has some obligations to society.

Explain Extreme Individualism.

society exists only so that the individual can succeed and be happy. the individual has no obligations to anyone but themselves

What are three behaviors associated with Extreme Individualism today?

cheating, inappropriate cell phone behavior, passing stopped school busses. (maybe not pulling over when theres an ambulance coming)

Explain the Communitarian Ethic

the individuals first obligation is to the group. the group takes care of the individual

What does “A poor man shames us all mean?

when someone is in need, it is the responsibility of the group to help them and it is the responsibility of the individual to help the group

What are three ways that people in contemporary societies still participate in the Communitarian Ethic?

with those who are closest to us our “family”, being a member of a sports team on any level, any occupation which requires you to risk your life so that you must depend on others to survive (military, firefighters, law enforcement)

11) What do mean when we say that Demand is Culturally Relative?

it is culturally relative so it changes depending on the culture and its value

12) What is not necessary for a Market Economy to function?

social relationships

13) What do we mean when we say that a Market Economy is based on faith?

the only reason currency has value is because we pretend it does. as long as we pretend the currency has value, the economy works. once that stops, the economy breaks down

14) What are the three essential elements of the Market Economy?

production, distribution, change

16) What are the four ways that the American Thanksgiving is now linked to consumption??

* black friday
* cyber monday
* retail stores staying open on thanksgiving day
* macys thanksgiving day parade, includes santa at the end as a reminder of christmas gifts

17) What are three things Henry Ford is famous for?

* the assembly line
* builds the famous ford motor company
* fordism

What is Fordism?

when people have extra income, they will spend it

explain how fordism works

ford increases the pay of his workers in order to keep them from leaving for other jobs. these workers then consume with their extra income. in time, this spreads and industrial workers become the basis of american middle class. the american economy grows because of increased consumption. consumption becomes the basis of the economy. consumption slows down and unemployment grows or people lose their jobs

what is the problem of fordism

fordism is like running down a steep hill, if you slow down, you stumble, try and stop and you will fall. in economics, this includes slowdowns, recessions and falling depressions

1) What three things might a gift as a signaling mechanism” allow one person to tell another?

* is thinking about them


* cares about them


* wants to give them something they’ll value

2) What is gift card breakage?

the industry’s term for card value that was bought but never redeemed

3) Why is the gift card good for the giver but not for the recipient?

it signals that the buyer did not put much effort into the gift

4) What is the value of any gift dependent on?

the relationship between the giver and recipient

1) When did the great era of American retailing begin?

mid 19th century

2) What two marketing trends began in 1874

window displays and fearing your child’s favorite gift will be sold out

3) Why is it desirable to create physiological arousal in shoppers?

because they are more vulnerable to buy stuff they don’t want

4) What is the trick of the holiday sales?

the trick is to lure different people into paying different prices for the same thing

1) What did Dr. Lemon believe drove the uncivil behavior of the Black Friday shoppers?

feelings of unfairness and inequality

2) According to Associate Professor Nicholls, what drove competitive consumer arousal?

scarcity. also believing that a specific good is available for only a short period of time

3) What is the third emotion bought about competitive arousal?  Why is this a negative emotion?

bonding. this can be negative because people team up together to grab as many items to consider purchasing

Internal Sanctions

making someone feel bad = a punishment

Potlatch —

huge gift giving ceremony connected to the idea of status and power. the more u give away — the greater ur path

Rockefeller Foundation

charitable organization that takes some of their wealth and gives it away. status and power increases

1) What are the three reasons why it is important to study Non-Market Economics?

* tells us about our past
* tells about traditional cultures today
* may offer us solutions to contemporary problems

2) What do mean when we say that Affluence can kill?

obsession to constantly increase our material wealth can lead to threats to our physical, emotional and financial health as well as disrupt social relationships

3) In what fundamental way are Non-Market Economics different from Market Economics?

* wealth creation
* social relationships

4) In what three ways do Market Economic Systems isolate us from each other?

* emphasize the individual
* our reliance on technology
* valuing material things over social relationships

5) What kind of socio-economic system have humans lived under for most our history?

hunter-gatherers

6) What are the five characteristics of Hunter-Gatherer Economies?

* small regulated populations
* exploit but do not transform their environment
* subsistence economics
* egalitarian
* reciprocity

7) What do we mean when we say that Hunter-Gatherers exploit but do not transform the environment?

use resources the planet has to offer us without caring of losing them in the future

8) What are the four elements of Egalitarianism?

* all wealth is shared
* consumption and desire limited
* greed and ambition not rewarded
* levelling mechanisms

9) What are the four elements of Reciprocity?

* no currency
* personal exchange of goods and services
* regulated through custom
* creates and maintains social relationships

10) List three ways that gift giving is socially important.

* in traditional cultures, gift giving is an important way of establishing and maintaining social networks
* reinforces status relations
* creates bonds
* creates obligations

11) Briefly explain how a Redistribution Economy works.

status and power is created and maintained through the creation and distribution of wealth

12) Give an example of Institutional Sharing in a Market Economy.

taxes

1) What is the goal of those who ridicule the success of the hunters?

their goal is to keep skilled hunters modest because modesty is an important value in their culture

2) How should the hunters respond to the ridicule?

they must not be offended; he should respond with self-demeaning words

3) How does this kind of behavior help to prevent what kind of system?

as a result, the existence of differences in hunting prowess does not lead to a system of big men in which a few talented individuals tower over the others in terms of prestige

1) Why did the Kung consider Lee a miser?

his approach while paying off in terms of data left him open to frequent accusations of stinginess and hardheartedness

2) What gift did Lee give the Kung for Christmas?

a big 1200 pound black ox for all the people to feast on

3) What was the reaction of the Kung to this gift? Why?

he thought this ox was was too thin to feed everybody so he was disappointed. it was actually a joke

4) What does Lee mean when he says that “there are no completely generous acts”?

all acts have an element of calculation

1) Which people does Weissner work with?

hunter-gatherers, specifically the Kung people of Southern Africa’s Kahlahari desert

2) What was her question about the Kung/

how do people without meat on the hoof, grain in the larder and money in the bank survive hard times?

3) What are three ways that the Kung maintain their system of social relationships?

gift giving, story telling, and visiting family

4) During hard times what do the Kung do, until conditions improve?

they prepare gifts for their distant family members and make a visit to them until their land improves

5) How did social networks allow for successful migration?

they were the storing of relationships for a time when you will need them which allowed for expansion

1) Why is it impossible to separate people’s indispensable needs from their discretionary wants?

all human groups attach cultural meaning to the goods and services they consume

2) What kind of statement is made by what people consume?

what people consume makes a statement about who they are, what they value and where their loyalties lie

3) How does food become highly valued in a capitalist mode of production?

because it can draw into the paid workforce the household members who previously had the time, energy, and resources to prepare meals from scratch

4) What does Sahlins mean by the Zen Road to affluence? Who were the original affluent society?

zen road to affluence — desiring little. foragers have very few material desires and the habitats they lived in satisfied their needs.

1)What are the three great changes in Human Economic Activity? 

hunting/gathering to agriculture.

agriculture to industrialization

industrialization to the future

2) Explain the two opposing views of the future of Human Economic Activity.

1) growth and power is inevitable and limitless. we should not change our lifestyle but instead increase the pace of progress. want more, consume more, and using planet to fulfill our needs and wishes

2) every system has its limit. industrial system has reached its limit. the uncontrolled consumption it requires to succeed has become a system that does more harm than good and threatens to destroy the foundation of our survival — planet earth

3) What are the three issues of global concern which have been created by the Industrial System and the Global Economy

* destruction of environment
* mass global migration driven by global economy
* cultural survival of indigenous people

global warming

overall change that is taking place on the planet and the greatest cause of concern. human activity is increasing the temperature of the planet which threatens the ecosystem

global climate change

refers to the fact that while the planets temperature is increasing, the impact is felt unevenly. droughts for some parts, heavy rainstorms in others. lack of snow where it once snowed a lot and snowstorms in places where it has rarely snowed

5) What are two critical consequences of the Greenhouse Effect?

* increase in planets overall temperature
* creating instability in planet’s weather patterns

6) What are three arguments made by Global Climate Change deniers?

* its not happening
* its happening but we’re not responsible
* its happening and we’re responsible but we shouldnt worry

7) The history of which industry is similar to the denial of Global Climate Change?

the tobacco industry and the dangers of their product

8) What are sIX consequences of Global Climate Change?

* increase in diseases old and new
* extinction of life forms, reduction of the planets biomass
* more powerful superstorms
* wildfires
* rise of world’s ocean levels
* melting glaciers and warming oceans
* drought

9) If Global Climate Change is inevitable for the foreseeable future, what are the two choices faced by humanity?

* chocie 1 — do nothing/continue to leave as we do or begin to change now to avoid worse consequences later
* choice 2— ignore or help climate exiles

10) What is the Anthropocene?

period of time where human activities have impacted the environment enough to constitute a geological change

1 Which disease had not been detected in North America before 1999?

west nile virus

2) According to the World Health Organization what factors are responsible for the emergence of new diseases?

ecological changes, human factors, technological and industrial factors, live stock handling and organ transplants, microbial changes, breakdowns in public health measures

3) How did human acidity play a role in emergence of the AIDS virus?

Scientists think it jumped species into humans who were exposed to infected blood while hunting and butchering chimpanzees for food or for sale as bush meat

4) What is SIV?

Simian immunodeficiency virus

1) What is the paradox of Global Warming?

* developing countries will bear the brunt of the consequences.
* these countries were not responsible for most of the greenhouse gas emissions

2) What/Who are Climate Exiles?

people who have been flooded out of their homes in poor countries

3) What is one option for dealing with Climate Exiles? What option would be more sensible and just?

option 1 — grant entry to up to 200 million people who could lose their homes to rising seas by 2080.

option 2 — tighten our borders and inure ourselves to the exiles cries for help

1) What is the Global Climate Coalition?

A group representing industries with profits tied to fossil fuels

2) What are the three main industries which make up the Global Climate Coalition?

oil, coal and auto

3) The tactics of the Global Climate Coalition were compared to what other industry?

tobacco industries

1) What kind of natural disaster connected to Global Warming is NYC worried about?

bigger stronger storms

2) Why is, “why should you worry about a hurricane, it’s not like you live on an island” ironic?

New York City is a city surrounded by water, they basically are an island and must think long term for climate change

3) What is one possible successful proposal to inhibit flooding?

elevating roads

4) What is the only long-term viable solution?

retreat from low-lying areas

1) Which country has become a “far more aggressive player” in the Arctic region?

china

2) Rare earth materials are crucial for which kind of technologies?

cell phones and millitary guidance systems

3) What organization governs the ownership of the Arctic?

the united nation convention of the law fo the sea