music final ALL CHAPTERS

what is Accidental

A symbol that alters a note's pitch away from the note indicated by the key signature.

what is Beat

- The steady pulse in music; the basic unit of time.

what is brass instruments

-  Wind instruments made of brass, such as the trumpet and trombone.

what is Chromatic

- Involving all twelve half steps within an octave.

what is Composition

- A complete piece of music created by a composer.

what is conjunct motion

- Melodic movement by step; moving to adjacent notes.

what is disjunct motion

- Melodic movement by leap; moving by larger intervals.

what is Dynamics-

The volume of music, such as soft (p) or loud (f).

what are Interval

- The distance between two pitches.

what is Harmony

- Notes sounded together to support a melody or form chords.

what is homophonic texture

- One main melody with accompanying chords.

what is Key-

The tonal center of a piece, based on a specific scale.

what is a Keyboard

- An instrument like a piano, or the layout of its keys.

what is a Measure

A group of beats between two bar lines.

what is a melody

-A series of notes that form a musical idea or tune.

what is a Meter-

The organization of beats into regular patterns, such as 4/4 or 3/4.

what is monopobic texture 

- A single melodic line with no accompaniment.

what is motive-

A short musical idea or pattern that repeats and develops.

what is Music-

The art of organized sound over time using elements like pitch and rhythm.

what is Octave-

The interval between a note and the next note with double its frequency.

what is Percussion-

Instruments played by striking or shaking (e.g., drums, cymbals).

what is Pitch-

The highness or lowness of a sound.

what is Polyphony

A musical texture with two or more independent melodies played at once.

what is Range-

The span from the lowest to the highest note an instrument or voice can produce.

what is Rhythm-

The pattern of sounds and silences in music, organized in time.

what is Scale-

A series of pitches in ascending or descending order, often forming the basis of a key.

what is sring instruments-

Instruments that produce sound by vibrating strings (e.g., violin, cello, guitar).

what is Synthesizers-

Electronic instruments that generate sound using digital or analog signals.

what is Tempo-

The speed of the beat in a piece of music.

what is Texture-

How many layers of sound are heard at once and how they interact (e.g., monophonic, polyphonic, homophonic).

what is time signature-

A symbol at the beginning of a piece that tells how many beats per measure and which note gets the beat (e.g., 4/4, 3/4).

what is Vocal-

Music produced by the human voice.

what is woodwind instruments-

Instruments that produce sound when air is blown through a tube, often using a reed (e.g., clarinet, oboe).

what is a cappella-

Music performed by voices alone, without instrumental accompaniment.

what is chant  

A type of vocal music with a free rhythm, often used in religious worship (e.g., Gregorian chant).

what is Hymn-

A religious song or poem of praise, usually sung by a congregation with steady rhythm.

what is Melisma-

Singing a single syllable of text while moving between several different pitches.

what is Song-

A short musical composition with lyrics, usually featuring melody and accompaniment.

what is syllabic-

A singing style in which each syllable of text is matched to one note of music.

what is verse and refrain form-

A song structure where verses change but a repeated refrain or chorus returns throughout.

Church music

Motet and mass choral music

Chanson

Songs in renaissance period

Counter reformation

Led to Jesuit order (1540) later assemblies counsel of treat = peace

Dance music

Composed for popular dances

Madrigal

Musical pieces for several solo voices set to short poems

Motet

Sacred Latin text

Reformation

Division of practices with cholic churchs martin Luther led started Protestant church

Word painting

Poetic images musically rapid sounds -running

Aria

Music with multiple choirs call and respond

Basso continuo

Continuos harmony through music usually by harp or cello

Cantata

Church choir from baroque period

Isolist, choir and orchestra

Concerto

Musical composition tor solo and orchestra

Fugue

Form written in an imative contrapuntal style in multiple parts

Homophony

Music where the melody is supported by choir in the same rhythm

Libretto

Text or words of opera

Melisma

More than 1 note sung during one syllable of the text

Movement

Indecent sections or piece of large work

Opera

Staged musical drama for voices and orchestra

Oratorio

Work with religious characters tor solo voices uses nothing extra

Polyphony

Two or more Melodie voices or instruments together

Program music

Instrumental music written to snow non-music ideas

Solo

Musician with or without accompany

Sonata

Musical composition in multiple movements for solo instruments

Subject

Main melody or tune of a fugue

Suite

Multi-movement composition of baroque music

Terraced dynamics

Set volume for certain section

Through composed

New music is composed in each stanza with no repetion

Joaquin des prez

Master of choral music

William Byrd

Used many tools in his art

Martin Luther

Catholic priest father of Protestant reform

Giovanni Palestrina

Italian composer* Director at St. Peters cathedral

Antino Vivaldi

Italian composer baroque period

Claudio Monteverdi

Italian composer and earlier opera pioneers *famous for operaorfero(607)

Handle

Started own opera tailed in 1728

Johann Bach

Keyboard and orchestral work

Renaissance

Rebirth

Cadenza

section of a concerto in which the soloist plays alone without the orchestra

Chamber music

music preformed in small spaces for entertainment

Da capo

 instruction—commonly found at the end of the B section or Trio of a Minuet and Trio, to return to the “head” or first section, generally resulting in an A - B - A form

Double-exposition form

 form of the first movement of a Classical period concerto that combines the exposition, development, and recapitulation of sonata form with the ritornello form used for the first movements of Baroque concertos; also called first-movement concerto form

Hemiola

the momentary shifting from a duple to a triple feel or vice versa

Opera buffa

comic style of opera made famous by Mozart

Opera Seria

serious style of eighteenth-century opera made famous by Handel generally features mythology or high-born characters and plots

Pizzicato

the plucking of a bowed string instrument such as the violin, producing a percussive effect

Rondo

instrumental form consisting of the alternation of a refrain “A” with contrasting sections (“B,” “C,” “D,” etc.). Rondos are often the final movements of string quartets, classical symphonies, concerti, and sonata (instrumental solos).

String quartet

performing ensemble consisting of two violinists, one violinist, and one cellist that plays compositions called string quartets, compositions generally in four movements

Symphony

multi-movement composition for orchestra, often in four movements

Ternary form

– describes a musical composition in three parts, most often featurings two similar sections, separated by a contrasting section and represented by the letters A – B – A.

Theme and variation form

the presentation of a theme and then variations upon it. The theme may be illustrated as A, with any number of variations following it – A’, A’’, A’’’, A’’’’, etc.

art Song

a composition setting a poem to music, generally for one solo voice and piano accompaniment; in German, a Lied

Chamber music

– music--such as art songs, piano character pieces, and string quartets-- primarily performed in small performing spaces, often for personal entertainment

Chromaticism

use of “colorful,” dissonant pitches, that included in the key of the composition

Concertori

a composition for a soloist or a group of soloists and an orchestra, generally in three movements with fast, slow, and fast tempos, respectively

drone

a sustained pitch or pitches often found in music of the middle ages or earlier and in folk music

Idée fixe

a famous melody that appears in all five movements of Berlioz’s Symphonie fantastique to represent the beloved from the program

Leitmotiv

“guiding motive” associated with a specific character, theme, or locale in a music drama, and first associated with the music of Richard Wagner

Nationalism

pride in one’s nation or cultural identity, often expressed in art, literature, and music

Opera

– a drama almost entirely sung to orchestral accompaniment, with accompanying costumes and staging

Plagal Cadence

ending of a composition that consists of a IV chord moving to a I chord and most often associated with church music

Program Music

– instrumental music intended to represent a something extra musical such as a poem, narrative, drama, or picture, or the ideas, images, or sounds therein