Rad Pathology Exam 5

cardiovascular system

its function is to maintain an adequate supply of blood to all the tissues in the body

rhythmic contractions of the heart

these are controlled by the autonomic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

this system controls the heart rate

sympathetic nervous system

this system stimulates the release of epinephrine that accelerates the heart rate and increases force of its contractions

adrenaline

epinephrine is widely called...

epinephrine

a hormone and neurotransmitter that increases the heart rate and forces contractions of blood vessels and dilates air passages

fight or flight response

epinephrine controls this response

fight or flight response

our body's primitive, automatic, inborn response that prepares the body to fight or flee from perceived attack, harm, or threat to our survival

pump blood to every organ of the body

the purpose of the heart

oxygen, nutrients, waste

the body carries ______ and _________ to tissues, and removes _____ products from the tissues

right/left atrium and right/left ventricle

the 4 chambers of the heart

ventricles

these are muscular chambers that propel the blood out of the heart

lungs

the right ventricle propels blood out of the heart to...

all other organs

the left ventricle propels blood out of the heart to...

atria

these hold the returning blood to the heart and empty it into ventricles at the right moment

septum

this separates the right and left sides of the heart

myocardium

the muscle layer of the heart

endocardium

the delicate inner layer of the heart

ventricles, atria

the _______ are thicker and larger than the _______ because they have a heavier pumping load

left ventricle

the larger ventricle

systemic, pulmonary

the left ventricle is thicker than the right because greater pressure is needed to pump blood through the ________ circulation than the ________ circulation

right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, and pulmonary artery

these consist of the right heart pump

left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, and aorta

these consist of the left heart pump

pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins

these transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs; these carry or empty oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

the whole body

the aorta carries blood through...

superior and inferior vena cava

deoxygenated venous blood returns to the heart through these

right atrium

the superior and inferior vena cava empty blood to here

bicuspid valve

this valve has 2 flaps

tricuspid valve

this valve has 3 flaps

tricuspid valve

this separates the right atrium and right ventricle

bicuspid valve

this separates the left atrium and left ventricle

pulmonary valve

this lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

aortic valve

this is situated between the left ventricle and aorta

coronary arteries

these surround the heart and continually feed in fresh blood

widow maker

used to describe a highly stenotic left main coronary artery or proximal left anterior descending coronary artery of the heart

heart attack, sudden death

widow maker is used because, if the artery gets abruptly and completely occluded, it will cause a massive _____ ______ that will likely lead to a ______ _____

platelets streaming to the site of a ruptured cholesterol plaque

this makes up the widow maker blockage that kills

systemic circulation

the general circulation of the body

pulmonary circulation

circulation of blood throughout the lungs

atria and ventricles

these structures alternately contract

systole (top number)

this contraction phase measures the amount of pressure that blood exerts on arteries and vessels while the heart is beating

diastole (bottom number)

this relaxation phase is the pressure that is exerted on the walls of various arteries around the body in between heart beats when the heart is relaxed

119/79 and under

normal/healthy BP

120-130/80-89

prehypertension BP

140-159/90-99

hypertension stage 1 BP

160/100 and over

hypertension stage 2 BP

SA node

pacemaker; sets the rhythm of your pulse

AV node

sets the rhythm of your heart contractions

electrical impulse

this triggers each contraction and sets the timing of the whole process

pacemaker

someone may need this if they have problems with electrical impulses, which weaken the heartbeat

body and brain

these suffer from lack of oxygen if the heart cannot pump enough blood through the body

right atrium

location of the SA node

SA node, AV node, bundle of his, terminal purkinje fibers

the order in which an impulse of a heartbeat goes through the conduction system

bundle of his

a collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction that transmits the electrical impulses

purkinje fibers

specialized myocardial fibers that conduct an electrical stimulus or impulse that enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion

pericardium

a well-lubricated, double walled sac that surrounds the heart and protects it against friction and allows free movement of the heart during contraction

controllable factors

factors including geometric/penetration, patient position, and degree of inspiration

uncontrollable factors

factors including patient body habitus, bony thorax abnormalities, and pathologic conditions

cardiac series, fluoro, echo, nuc med, angiography, MRI, MRA, and CT

common imaging modalities

interventional imaging procedures

procedures that intervene in a disease process, providing a therapeutic outcome

angiography

injection of contrast media into the arteries

venography

injection of contrast media into the veins

greenfield filters

baskets placed in the IVC to catch clots before they enter the heart

transjugular portosystemic shunt (TIPS)

used to treat variceal bleeding and open a passageway to allow portal venous circulation

portal hypertension, cirrhosis, and ascites

examples of what TIPS can treat

embolization

a procedure that uses angiography to create an embolus in a vessel

embolus

used to stop blood flow to a specific site

causes them to shrink before surgery

how does embolization treat uterine fibroids?

hepatic tumors

what is chemoembolization used to treat?

intracranial endovascular coils

what type of embolization is used to treat aneuryms?

thrombolysis

an angiographic study used to indicate if a vessel is blocked by a clot

dissolving agent, catheter

with thrombolysis, a ________ is injected through a ________ into the region of the thrombosis

angioplasty PTA

uses a balloon catheter to open up the vessel's occlusion prior to stent placement

stent placement

assists in maintaining patency of a vessel

aneurysms and vascular injuries

stent placements help in these 2 things

permanent catherization

catheter placed in the subclavian or jugular vein and tunneled under the skin to allow for improved dialysis access

ports, hickman catheters, and PICC lines

3 examples of permanent catherizations

left to right shunts

these allow mixing of the systematic and pulmonary circulations

lungs

in left-to-right shunts, these become overloaded with blood

atrial septal defect

the most common left to right shunt

atrial septal defect

this permits free communication between the two atria as a result of either a lack of closure of the foramen ovale after birth or its improper closure during gestation

RA of atrial septal defect

RA of enlargement of the right ventricle, right atrium, and pulmonary outflow tract

ventricular septal defect

shunt causing increased pulmonary blood flow, which leads to enlargement of the left atrium and ventricle

RA of ventricular septal defect

RA showing an enlarged and somewhat triangular heart with increased pulmonary vascular volume

patent ductus arteriosus

a heart problem that occurs soon after birth in some babies; there is abnormal flow between two of the major arteries connected to the heart

RA of patent ductus arteriosus

RA of cardiomegaly with enlargement of left atrium, left ventricle, and central pulmonary arteries

eisenmengers syndrome

pulmonary hypertension that is caused by left-to-right shunts; caused by increased vascular resistance within the pulmonary arteries related to chronic increased flow through the pulmonary circulation

RA of eisenmengers syndrome

RA of increased fullness of the central pulmonary arteries and trunk with narrowing of the peripheral vessels which become calcified

cyanosis

a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes; a sign that oxygen in the blood is dangerously diminished (as in carbon monoxide poisoning)

tetralogy of fallot

right-to-left shunting that increases cyanosis and consists of four abnormalities

high ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding of aortic orifice, and right ventricular hypertrophy

the 4 abnormalities in tetralogy of fallot

coeur en sabot

appearance in which the heart resembles the curved toe portion of a wooden shoe

right side

1/4 of patients with tetralogy of fallot experience have their aorta on this side

coarction of the aorta

a narrowing or constriction of the aorta that commonly occurs just beyond the branching of the flood vessels to the head and arms

RA of coarction of the aorta

RA of rib notching

coarction of the aorta

most common cause of hypertension in children

coronary artery disease

narrowing of the coronary arteries that causes oxygen deprivation of the myocardium and ischemic heart disease

atherosclerosis

coronary artery disease can cause this, which is fatty deposits in the inner lining of the arteries

coronary angiogram

best modality for coronary artery disease

congestive heart failure

the inability of the heart to propel blood at a rate and volume sufficient enough to provide supply to the tissues