A&P lecture 02

Physical protection, controls permeability, sensations, and secretion

What are the four essential functions of epithelial tissue?

Hemidesmosome

Cell-to-membrane junction

Anchors epithelial cells to basement membrane for structural stability

Desmosome

Cell-to-cell junction

Anchors adjacent cells together to resist mechanical stress

Tight junction

Cell-to-cell

Intercellular junction that seals cells to prevent leakage between them

Gap junction

Cell-to-cell

Intercellular junction that allow communication between cells via ions and small molecules

Aponeuroses

Flat sheet like structures made of dense connective tissue that connect muscle to bones or other tissues, similar to tendons but broader and thinner

Subpapilary plexus

network of small blood vessels located in the dermis — specifically, just below the dermal papillae in the papillary layer of the skin

Contusion

Type of soft tissue injury results from broken blood vessels under skin leading to discoloration, swelling and pain; bruising

Regeneration

What is repair process necessary to restore normal function after inflammation subsides in damaged tissue?

Endocrine glands

Glands that secrete hormones onto surface of gland or directly into surrounding fluid

Exocrine glands

Gland that secrete through ducts

merocrine, apocrine and holocrine secretions

Three methods that exocrine glandular epithelial cells release secretions

Holocrine glands

Gland type that uses secretion method where whole cell ruptures that produces lipid (oily) secretions

Ex) sebaceous glands

Apocrine sweat glands

Type of gland that secret into hair follicles via merocrine secretion to produce sticky cloudy secretions

Ex) armpit and groan sweat

Eccrine sweat gland

Type of glands that use secretion method where it is directly secrete onto surface with no damage to the cell. Produces secretions that are 99% water + salt + other substances

Holocrine secretion

Secretion method: entire cell ruptures and dies

Apocrine secretion

Secretion method: apical portion of cell pinches off

Merocrine secretion

Secretion method: exocytosis, no cell damage

Specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers and fluid ground substance

List 3 basic components of connective tissue

Mucous, serous, cutaneous and synovial membranes

List 4 kinds of membranes composed of epithelial and connective tissue that cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body

Neurons transmit information and neuroglia support, protect and nourish neurons

Two cell types that make up the nervous tissue? And what are their functions?

Appositional growth

Growth of cartilage tissue by external layering

Interstitial growth

Growth of cartilage tissue by internal expansion without layering

Tight junctions

A type of junction that blocks the passage of water or solutes between tissues. In digestive system, these junctions keep enzymes, acids and waste from damaging other tissues

Mast cells and inflammation

Injury to epithelium and underlying connective tissue would trigger the release of histamine and heparin from what cells? And what is the resulting change called?

Serous membrane

Primary function of this membrane is to minimize friction between opposing surfaces

Simple squamous

Epithelial tissue that most easily permits diffusion

Stratum basale

Which epidermal layer replaces more superficial cells through cell division

Stratum lucidum

Epidermis layer that is only in thick skin

Stratum corneum

Epidermis layer that protects against environmental hazards, bacteria and chemicals. It is the most superficial layer and is full of dead cells

Stratum granulosum

Layer of the epidermis that produces keratin

Stratum spinosum

Layer of the epidermis that has cells with desmosome junctions and provides strength

Loose and dense

Two main types of connective tissue proper

Areolar, adipose and reticular

Tissues part of loose connective tissue

Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective tissue

Tissues part of dense connective tissue

Cartilage and bone

What are the two major supporting connective tissues

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

Tissues part of cartilage supporting connective tissue

Compact and spongy bone tissue

Tissues part of bone supporting connective tissue

Blood and lymph

Tissues of fluid connective tissue

Merkel cells

Touch receptor cells

Melanocyte

Cells that produce pigment in the skin

Keratinocyte

Cells that can be either living or dead in the skin, which provides a protective barrier on the superficial layer of skin; in the stratum corneum

Mucous membrane

Membrane that line body cavity open to the outside; lubricate and protect

(ex: mouth, noise, digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary)

Serous membrane

Membrane that line body cavity that cover the surface of visceral organs; fluid to reduce friction

(Ex: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)

Cutaneous membrane

Membrane that cover the external surfaces of the skin; protection, sensation, temperature regulation

Synovial membrane

Membrane that lines the joints; fluid for lubrication

(Ex: knee, shoulder, and elbow joints)

4

How many layers of keratinocytes are in thin skin

5, Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

How many layers of keratinocytes are in thick skin and what are they?

Epidermal ridges and dermal papillae

The epidermis is bonded together by what?

Dendritic cells (langerhans)

Which cells in the stratum basale are part of the immune system

Tactile cells (merkel)

What cells in the stratum basale provide sensory information about objects that touch the skin?

Papillary and reticular layers

What are the sub layers of the dermis?

Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and sensory nerves

What does the papillary layer of dermis contain

Mesh of collagen and elastic fibers

What does the reticular layer of dermis consist of

Tension lines (cleavage lines)

Pattern of collagen and elastic fiber bundles forms

Cutaneous plexus

What does the arteries to the skin form in the subcutaneous layer

Subpapillary plexus

What is the at the base of the papillary layer of dermis

Hypodermis

layer that stabilizes the skin’s position against underlying organs and tissue

Pigmentation and blood supply

Color of the epidermis depends on two factors

Melanin and carotene

The pigments contained in the epidermis

Melanocytes

cell that protect us from UV radiation by producing melanin

Vitiligo

A skin disorder of appearance of nonpigmented white patches of various sizes

Vitamin D or cholecalciferol

When exposed to UV radiation in sunlight, epidermal cells synthesize…

Rickets

Deficiency in vitamin D causes what disease

Hair follicle

Hair originate from what complex organ

Root and shaft

Each hair consist of…

Medulla

Core soft keratin of hair

Cortex

The hard keratin surrounds the core soft keratin

Cuticle

Superficial layer of dead cells that protect the hair

Vellus and terminal hairs

Two types of hair our body have

Club hair

Hair that has stopped growing

Curly

Type of hair if the follicle is oval

Straight

Type of hair if the follicle is round

Arrector pili muscle

Erection of hair and goosebumps are due to what muscle

Sebum

What does the sebaceous gland secrete

Sebaceous follicles

Large sebaceous glands that discharge sebum directly onto epidermis

Apocrine and eccrine sweat glands

Two types of sweat glands or sudoriferous glands

Apocrine sweat gland

gland that produce odorous secretion

Eccrine sweat gland

Gland that produce watery secretion known as sensible perspiration

Hyponychium

free edge of nail extends over….

Eponychium

Nail root is covered by…

Inflammation, migration, proliferation, and scarring phases

4 phases of regeneration of skin after injury

Inflammation

First phase of regeneration after considerable skin damage

Scab and granulation tissue

During the migration phase of regeneration, what is formed

Keloids

Raised areas of fibrous scar tissue

Cutaneous membrane and accessory structures

Two major components of integumentary system

Insensible perspiration

Water loss by evaporation through stratum corneum

Sensible perspiration

Water loss by evaporation through active sweat glands (can see and feel)

microvilli

Organelle of epithelial cells that increase surface area for absorption, esp in small intestines

Cilia

Organelle of epithelial cells that help move things

Plasma cells

Antibodies are produced by what cells

Neutrophil

Rapid responders to infections of skin

Lymphocyte

Adaptive immunity that includes T and B lymphocytes

Plasma cell

B-lymphocytes transform into a cell that produces antibodies (ex: Ig: immunoglobulin)

Cytotoxic T, helper T and suppressor T cells

the 3 types of T-lymphocytes

Cytotoxic T cell

T cell that directly kill infected, cancerous or damaged cells

Suppressor T cell

T cell that suppress excessive immune response and maintain tolerance to self-antigens

Helper T cells

T cell that coordinate immune response by activating other immune cells (B cells, cytotoxic T cells, macrophages)

Monocytes

Cells that enter skin tissue will become macrophages that will engulf pathogens and debris

Eosinophil

Cells that fight parasites and produce histamines