Ch. 7 (Application)

age

age

A study’s hypothesis is that lack of exercise leads to weight gain. If all of the women in the study were middle-aged, and all of the men were aged 16. What is the confounding variable?

• being told that you need to take a math exam comprising 50% of your grades

• being told that you need to take a math exam for bonus points

What are examples of an experimental operational definition for anxiety?

heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, avoidance, vigilance, restlessness etc.

What are examples of a measured operational definition for anxiety?

experimental operational definition = defines IV

measured operational definition = defines DV

What is the difference between the experimental operational definition and the measured operational definition?

reliable

if you measure a cup of rice three times, and you get the same result each time, that result is ___

reliable

if your definition for chicken joy is it “makes you hungry”, that definition is __ if you actually feel hungry regardless of what place you smell it in

interrater

degree of agreement between researchers/observers about a response

Test-restest

comparison of scores of people who have been measured twice (with a reasonable interval) using the same instrument should yield similar results

test-retest

WAIS and other gold standard intelligence tests are examples of what type of reliability?

inter-item

questionnaire items and test items designed to measure the same variable should yield similar result

split-half reliability

splitting the test into two halves at random and computing a coefficient of reliability between the scores obtained on the two halves. the two halves should correlate strongly if they are measuring the same variable.

what type of reliability is this?

validity

certainty that you are measuring what is intended to be measured

face validity

validity of manipulation or measurement of a variable is self-evident -- no need to convince others of the correctness of the measurement

content validity

Your teacher gave a long test on topics he did not discuss. What validity does this involve?

content validity

Your teacher gave a long test only on a certain topic and nothing else in the discussion. What validity does this involve?

predictive validity

high ACET results predicting high QPI involves what type of validity?

Concurrent Validity

Asking the same sample of employees to fill in both an existing (validated) survey and your new survey, then comparing the results.

What type of validity does this assess?

convergent, divergent

what are the two types of construct validity?

convergent construct validity

CES-D and PHQ-9 both measure depression. When they both yield similar results, they are high in what type of validity?

divergent construct validity

constructs that are different from each other should not have similar results because they measure different things

internal validity

the degree to which changes in the DV across treatment conditions were due to the independent variable

history threat

You are measuring anxiety, but you don’t know that the person has a test an hour later. What threat does this involve?

maturation threat

As people become elderly, there can be a more rapid deterioration in certain physical characteristics such as vision, hearing, taste, and even memory. This may negatively impact their performance during an experiment.

What threat does this involve?

testing threat

Showing the memory test, distracting the participant, then giving the test again to measure memory.

What threat does this involve?

Instrumentation threat

A speedometer could falter at high speeds but not at low, underestimating how fast subjects are pedaling an exercise bike in your "high-motivation" condition.

This is an example of what type of threat?

Instrumentation threat

Imagine that your dependent measure was the length of a line drawn by subjects. To measure it, you use the only ruler you have--a rubber ruler. Unknown to you, it stretches a bit every time you use it. Each consecutive measurement is a little more inaccurate, and successive measurements tend to underestimate line length.

This is an example of what type of threat?

Statistical regression threat

threat that happens when subjects are assigned to conditions based on extreme scores

test-retest reliability

extreme score have less __ than moderate/middle scores

selection threat

threat that happens when random assignment is not applied

subject mortality

threat when subjects drop out. commonly in longitudinal studies

subjection interaction

combination of the selection threat with at least one other threat