A study’s hypothesis is that **lack of exercise leads to weight gain.** If all of the women in the study were middle-aged, and all of the men were aged 16. What is the confounding variable?
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being told that you need to take a math exam comprising 50% of your grades
being told that you need to take a math exam for bonus points
What are examples of an **experimental operational definition** for __anxiety?__
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heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, avoidance, vigilance, restlessness etc.
What are examples of a **measured operational definition** for __anxiety?__
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**experimental operational definition** = defines IV
\ **measured operational definition** = defines DV
What is the difference between the **experimental operational definition** and the **measured operational definition**?
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reliable
if you measure a cup of rice three times, and you get the same result each time, that result is ___
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reliable
if your definition for chicken joy is it “makes you hungry”, that definition is __ if you actually feel hungry regardless of what place you smell it in
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interrater
degree of agreement between researchers/observers about a response
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Test-restest
comparison of scores of people who have been measured twice (with a reasonable interval) using the same instrument should yield similar results
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test-retest
WAIS and other gold standard intelligence tests are examples of what type of reliability?
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inter-item
questionnaire items and test items designed to measure the same variable should yield similar result
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split-half reliability
splitting the test into two halves at random and computing a coefficient of reliability between the scores obtained on the two halves. the two halves should correlate strongly if they are measuring the same variable.
\ what type of reliability is this?
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validity
certainty that you are measuring what is intended to be measured
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face validity
validity of manipulation or measurement of a variable is self-evident -- no need to convince others of the correctness of the measurement
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content validity
Your teacher gave a long test on topics he did not discuss. What validity does this involve?
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content validity
Your teacher gave a long test only on a certain topic and nothing else in the discussion. What validity does this involve?
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predictive validity
high ACET results predicting high QPI involves what type of validity?
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Concurrent Validity
Asking the same sample of employees to fill in both an existing (validated) survey and your new survey, then comparing the results.
\ What type of validity does this assess?
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convergent, divergent
what are the two types of construct validity?
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convergent construct validity
CES-D and PHQ-9 both measure depression. When they both yield similar results, they are high in what type of validity?
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divergent construct validity
constructs that are different from each other should not have similar results because they measure different things
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internal validity
the degree to which changes in the DV across treatment conditions were due to the independent variable
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history threat
You are measuring anxiety, but you don’t know that the person has a test an hour later. What threat does this involve?
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maturation threat
As people become elderly, there can be a more rapid deterioration in certain physical characteristics such as vision, hearing, taste, and even memory. This may negatively impact their performance during an experiment.
\ What threat does this involve?
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testing threat
Showing the memory test, distracting the participant, then giving the test again to measure memory.
\ What threat does this involve?
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Instrumentation threat
A speedometer could falter at high speeds but not at low, underestimating how fast subjects are pedaling an exercise bike in your "high-motivation" condition.
\ This is an example of what type of threat?
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Instrumentation threat
Imagine that your dependent measure was the length of a line drawn by subjects. To measure it, you use the only ruler you have--a rubber ruler. Unknown to you, it stretches a bit every time you use it. Each consecutive measurement is a little more inaccurate, and successive measurements tend to underestimate line length.
\ This is an example of what type of threat?
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Statistical regression threat
threat that happens when subjects are assigned to conditions based on extreme scores
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test-retest reliability
extreme score have less __ than moderate/middle scores
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selection threat
threat that happens when random assignment is not applied
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subject mortality
threat when subjects drop out. commonly in longitudinal studies
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subjection interaction
combination of the selection threat with at least one other threat
Studied by 6 people
