zo 350 lab practical final

what are phylogenetic trees based on?

DNA, fossils, anatomy, biochemistry

divergence event

splitting apart of a single group into two descendant groups

true or false: phylogenetic trees are generally hypotheses

true

principle of parsimony

simplest is best

what microscope should we use for items

compound

Porifera

sponges, suspension feeders, spicules

3 classes of Porifera:

Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida

Calcarea

calcium carbonate spicules

Demospongiae

80% of sponges, silica spicules, not 6-rayed

Hexactinellida

silica spicules, 6-rayed

asconoid sponge body type

simplest

syconoid sponge body type

medium size, has flagellated canals

leuconoid sponge body type

increased body size, lots of pores and channels

Cnidaria

diploblastic, cnidocytes, 2 body forms

polyp

sessile cnidarian

medusa

free-swimming cnidarian

Hydrozoa

has velum, both polyp and medusa stages

Hydra

freshwater, solitary hydrozoan

Obelia

marine, colonial hydrozoan

polymorphism

individuals in the colony has different morphologies and functions

Scyphozoa

no velum, medusa stage emphasized

Anthozoa

sessile, polyp stage emphasized

Metridium (sea anemone_

anthozoan, acontia threads to capture food

Coral

anthozoan, calcium carbonate skeleton

nematocysts

stinging organelles

Ctenophores (comb jellies)

no polyp form, biradial symmetry, iridescent and bioluminescent

what are ctenes?

ciliated plates used for locomotion

what are colloblasts?

adhesive cells to capture prey

Platyhelminthes

triploblastic, biradial, protostome, acoelomate, flame cells

circular muscles do what?

elongate

longitudinal muscles do what?

contract

what are flame cells?

primitive kidney

Turbellaria

free-living flatworms, planarians

Trematoda

parasitic flukes

Cestoda

parasitic tapeworms

label this tapeworm

Rotifera

triploblastic, bilateral, psuedocoleomate, complete digestive system, eutely

what is parthogenesis?

eggs develop without being fertilized

what is a corona?

wheel organ for rotifers

Annelids

triploblastic, bilateral, protostome, coelomate, segmented, peristaltic movement, closed circ system

nephridia in annelids:

pair of nephridia in each segment, excretory system

Polychaetes

have parapodia, marine, mobile vs. sedentary

Clitellates

no parapodia, no setae, have clitellum

Clamworms

mobile polychaetes

Fanworms

sedentary polychaetes

Earthworms

clitellates, elognated prostomium and dorsal setae

leeches

clitellates, clitellum only for breeding

Mollusca

triploblastic, coelomate, bilateral, trochophore larvae

what are the two main sections of a mollusk?

muscular foot and visceral mass

what is a mantle?

protective skin

what is a mantle cavity?

houses the gills and lungs

what is radula?

rough tongue-like structure for scraping

Gastropoda

largest class of mollusks, snails, has pneumostome (breathing pore)

Bivalvia

no radula, clams and oysters

how to estimate a bivalve's age?

growth lines

what are glochidia larvae?

parasitic larvae that hook onto fish gills

Cephalopoda

has radula, reduced shell, chromatophores and ink

Polyplacophora

chitons, has radula, has protective plates

Arthropoda

triploblastic, bilateral, coelomate, ecdysozoan, exoskeleton, biggest and most diverse phylum

what are uniramous legs?

single series of segments

what are biramous legs?

braches into 2 segments

what are tagmata?

grouping of segments

Trilobites

extinct marine arthropods

Chelicerata

2 tagmata, chelicera, uniramous legs

Horseshoe crab

blue blood

Crustacea

2 tagmata, antennae, gills, biramous legs

Myriapoda

centipedes and millipedes, uniramous legs, 2 tagmata, trachael system

Hexapoda

insects and springtails, 3 tagmata, uniramous legs, trachael system, malpighian tubules, metamorphosis

Coleoptera

beetles, elytra

Lepidoptera

butterflies, scales

Diptera

flies, halteres

Hymenoptera

ants and bees, pinched waist

Hemiptera

bugs, wings create X

Nematodes

roundworms, pseudocoelomate, triploblastic, bilateral, ecdysozoan, eutely, nerve cords

what is a furcula in a springtail?

springing mechanism

Echinoderms

deuterostome, triploblastic, pentaradial, coelomate

symmetry of echinoderm larvae

bilateral

symmetry of echinoderm adult

radial

echinoderms are one of the first invertebrates with:

mesodermal endoskeleton

what is the water vascular system?

circulates the water in body for locomotion and transport

what are papulae?

soft lining of epidermis, used for rep and exc

what are pedicellariae?

sensory pincers

what are ambulacra?

radial areas with tube feet

Sea stars

ambulacral grooves open, every stomach to eat, tube feet for moving

Brittle stars

largest class, ambulacral grooves closed, tube feet only for eating

Sea urchins

closed ambulacral grooves, Aristotle's lantern for eating algae

Sea cucumbers

ambulacral grooves closed, internal madreporite, cuverian tubules are dicharged for defense

5 key traits of a chordate:

notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle, post-anal tail

Tunicates

sea squirts, tunic made of cellulose, larva have all chordate characteristics

Cephalochordata

lancelets, studied for evolution

Vertebrata

enlarged brain in cranium, do NOT all have vertebral column, endoskeleton

Jawless fishes

lamprey and hagfish, no bones/scales/paired fins

Lampreys

no swim bladder (so must always swim), nonparasitic and parasitic

Cartilaginous fishes

jaws, placoid scales to reduce friction, cartilage skeleton

Sharks

large oily liver for buoyancy, paired fins (pectoral and pelvic), non-paired fins (dorsal and caudal)

Bony fishes

bone skeleton, paired fins, swim bladder, operculum covering gills

ctenoid scales

teeth-like projections on backside

cycloid scales

smooth edge on backside

ganoid scales

diamond-shaped

placoid scales

teeth-like