Anatomy, Physiology & Milestones Bits of Macromolecules

Define A Condensation Rxn

• creates a water molecule

• requires energy

• creates a bond (polymerization)

• Non Spontaneous

Define a Hydrolysis Rxn

• Releases energy

• Breaks the bond between two monomers

• Spontaneous

Cells are made of what primary element and why

carbon because

• when boded it is very stable (covalently) and we need stability

• it can bond with many things and create many different shapes & functions

Methyl Group

CH₃

Carboxyl Group

COOH-

Phosphryl

PO_{3 ^2-}

What is the most abundant macromolecule in our cells

proteins are the most abundant

Monomer for carbohydrates

monosaccharides

Intermediate for carbohydrates

oligosaccharide

Monomers for Nucleic Acids

(DNA & RNA)

Nucleotide

Monomers for proteins

amino acids

Intermediate for proteins

peptides

Polymerization is

the bonding between monomers and in turn, the adding

How do our bodies cycle through macromolecules we intake

we receive protein, break it into amino acids, then we create proteins we need.

Intermediate of Nucleic Acids

The macromolecule that doesn’t polymerize traditionally

fatty acids/lipids

The basic chemical formula for

(C₁H₂O₁)n & the n can be 3, 4, 5, or 6

When carbohydrates are in aqueous solution

they stop being linear and become more cylindrical.

What are the only macromolecules with branches when polymerized

carbohydrates are the only macromolecules that branch

When carbohydrates are stored they are called

glycogen in humans and starch in plants

Describe how the macromolecules excluding 1 are traditional polymer

they attach to one another but with lipids are different.

What determines the kind of sugar and in turn it’s anatomy and physiology

The number of carbons

What are the Functions of Carbohydrates

• make up a source of stored energy

• is the literal energy

• recycling said energy through

When a sugar is in an aqueous solution

the carbon #1 and carbon #5 link

When sugars polymerize what is lost on each

1 saccharide loses an H and one saccharide two oxygens

What is the basic structure of a protein

1. Central Carbon

2. Amino Group (H₃N⁺)

3. Carboxyl Group (COO^-)

4. Single Hydrogen

5. R group

What differentiates each protein

the R group

What do all amino acids have in common

their carbon backbone

How do amino acids polymerize

peptide bonds

When proteins polymerize what sides are linked

the c terminus is where everything is added

Why are proteins considered polar?

beacuse their top and bottom are different

What are the monomers for RNA & DNA

nucleotides

Describe the components of RNA & DNA

• Sugar

• Nitrogenous Base

• Phosphate Group

What is the function of RNA & DNA

hold genetic information

What carbons are connected to the nitrogenous base and phosphate group for RNA & DNA

the carbon 1 is connected to the nitrogenous base and the phosphate is connected to the carbon 5 (popular loner)

If carbon 2 on a nucleotide has an oxygen it is

it is RNA, why?

if carbon 2 on a nucleotide does not have an oxygen

it is DNA why?

What differentiates what specific DNA & RNA you have

the nitrogenous base

What are the two categories of bases RNA & DNA

Pyrimidne bases & Purine bases

both DNA & RNA can have what nitrogenous bases?

• Adenine (pu), Guanine (pu) & Cytosine (pr)

what bases can only RNA have and what bases can only DNA have

Thymine can only be in DNA and Uracil is only RNA

what happens when ATP loses it’s phosphate or gains it back

• it becomes ADP (explain)

• it releases energy

it becomes ATP again essentially recharging itself

How do nucleotides polymerize

carbon 5 from one nucleotide links with carbon 5 from another nucleotide and this create a phosphodiester bond

Why are nucleotides considered polar?

they have distinct ends, c5 at the top and c3 at the top

What are the monomers for lipid

fatty acids

Descrieb the anatomy of a lipid and why it;slike that

hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. the tail is hydrophobic because it’s non polar an the head is hydrophilic because it is polar

Function of lipids

cover us