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describe the function of HTML.

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1

describe the function of HTML.

  • it is the language/script that web pages are written in

  • it allows a browser to interpret and render a web page for the viewer by describing the structure and order of the web page

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2

<html></html>

all code written within these tags is interpreted as HTML

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3

<body></body>

defines the content in the main browser content area

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4

<link></link>

used in the head to link to an external CSS file

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5

<head></head>

defines the browser tab or window heading area

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6

<title></title>

defines the text that appears with the tab or window heading area

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7

<h1></h1>, <h2></h2>...

heading styles in decreasing sizes

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8

<p></p>

a paragraph separated with a line space above and below

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9

<img src = ‘location’, height=x, width = y>

self closing image with parameters for image and dimensions

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10

<a href= ‘location’> link text </a>

anchor tag defining a hyperlink with location parameters

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11

<ol></ol>

defines an ordered list

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12

<ul></ul>

defines an unordered list

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13

<li></li>

defines an individual list item

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14

<i></i>

italic text

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15

<b></b>

bold text

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16

<del></del>

crossed-out text

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17

<ins></ins>

underlined text

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18

<div id= “page”></div>

creates a division of a page into separate areas each which can be referred to uniquely by name

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19

<input type = “type“>

  • specifies an input field where the user can enter data

  • can be many various input types (e.g. text box, radio, button)

  • self closing

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20

<form action="URL"></form>

  • creates an HTML form for user input

  • the elements of the form are enclosed within the <form> tags

  • the form data is sent to ‘URL’ when it is submitted

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21

what is the type parameter for <input> tags to create a text box?

“text”

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22

what is the type parameter for <input> tags to create a submit button?

“submit“

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23

what is a selector?

  • names groups of elements which you style

  • for example: classes, identifiers, and HTML elements (such as h1 or p)

  • identifiers and classes can be set within element tags using id = ‘ ‘ and class = ‘ ‘

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24

what is a class?

  • a selector that can be used multiple times on a web page

  • defined with a full stop as a prefix to the class name

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25

what is an identifier?

  • a selector that must be unique to each web page // only used for one element

  • defined with an initial hashtag ( # )

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26

what is CSS?

  • it is a script/language like HTML but it is instead used to describe the style of a web page

  • CSS can be used to specify the way HTML elements look, it can be applied to whole tags such as <h1>, <p> or <div>

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27

what is inline CSS?

  • an element is styled when it is defined, using the style attribute and within the element’s tags

  • this is a form of internal CSS in which elements are styled individually

  • e.g. <h1 style=”color : red;”> heading text </h1>

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28

what is internal CSS?

  • defines the styling for a single HTML page

  • defined in the <head> section of an HTML file, within <style> tags

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29

what are the drawbacks of using internal/inline CSS?

  • changes to formatting have to be made separately for each HTML page

  • it is a lot of work to keep the look of the site consistent

  • the site is slower to access for users (as the formatting information is reloaded for every page)

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30

what is external CSS?

  • external style sheets are used to define the style of many HTML pages

  • the link to the style sheet is added to the <head> section of the HTML page

  • e.g. <link rel=”stylesheet” href=”styles.css”>

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31

what are the benefits of using external CSS?

  • content and formatting are kept separate

  • changes can be made to the external style sheet and affect the whole site, saving time and ensuring consistency

  • style sheets can be changed for different themes, or different devices

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32

background-color

sets the background colour of an element

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33

border-style

specifies what kind of border to display (e.g solid or dotted)

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34

border-width

specifies the width of the four borders, can be in pixels

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35

border-color

sets the border colour of an element

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36

color (named and hex colours)

sets the colour of text

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37

font-family

specify the font of a text

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38

font-size

specifies the size of the text, can be in pixels

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39

height/width

sets the height/width of an element, in pixels

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40

describe the features and functions of JavaScript.

  • it is a language that runs in a web browser, that can be embedded into HTML with the <script> tag

  • it’s main function is to add interactivity to websites

  • it isn’t compiled, instead it is interpreted

  • this is as it is likely to be run on a variety of machines with different architectures/processors (interpreted code is machine independent)

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41

what are the advantages of using JavaScript for client side processing?

  • can be used to input data on the client's computer

  • the local computer can fix invalid data before sending it off to the servers,

  • it can ease the traffic off of the busy servers

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42

chosenElement = document.getElementById(“example”)

chosenElement.innerHTML = “Hello World”

changes the text of the ‘example‘ HTML element to ‘Hello World‘

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43

document.write(“Hello World”)

writes ‘Hello World‘ directly into the HTML page

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44

alert(“Hello World”)

creates a pop-up box with the text ‘Hello World‘ and an OK button

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45

what is a search engine?

  • a program that searches through a database of internet addresses looking for resources based on a criteria set by the client

  • it will run the user request against its index, which must be constantly updated as new sites are made and old ones are removed

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46

what is search engine indexing?

the process of a search engine collecting, sorting and storing data in its index

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47

what is the purpose of web crawlers?

  • web crawlers are used to collect information

  • they work by traversing the internet web page by web page looking for linked sites

  • they index any pages, content (keywords and phrases) and metadata they find

  • robots.txt files can be used to instruct web crawlers

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48

what is the PageRank algorithm?

  • an algorithm used by Google to rank website pages, and compile the list of results returned by a search engine

  • higher ranked pages will show up first on the search engine

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49

what three features determine the PageRank of a page?

  • how many incoming links it has from other web pages

  • the PageRank of the web pages that link to it

  • how many outgoing links it has to other web pages

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50

what is the dampening factor in the PageRank algorithm?

  • a value between 0 and 1

  • probability that a user will not follow a link

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51

what is server side processing?

  • server side processing is when a client sends data to a server for it to be processed

  • this means no information is processed on the client computer

  • common server side scripting languages are SQL or PHP

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52

what is a server?

a device which provides a central point of control/access

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53

what are the benefits of server side processing?

  • doesn’t require plugins

  • can perform large calculations much faster than clients

  • not browser dependent

  • it’s more secure

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54

name a process requires server side processing.

  • encoding data into readable HTML

  • queries and updates to the server database

  • complex calculations

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55

what is client side processing?

  • client side processing is when a client processes the data on its local device

  • this means all of the information is processed on the client computer

  • this is also called client side scripting, and uses languages such as JavaScript

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56

what are the benefits of client side processing?

  • web page can immediately respond to user actions

  • executes quickly

  • gives developers more control over the behaviour and look of the website

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57

name a process requires client side processing.

  • initial data validation

  • applying website styles

  • manipulating UI elements

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58

why are inputs often checked client-side and server-side?

  • client side processing can be modified/altered by the user

  • to prevent malicious code (such as an SQL injection / XSS)

  • to prevent non-validated inputs being sent to the server

  • browser may not support client-side language // scripting could be turned off

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