med term ch 4

Epiphyses

ends of bones

Diaphysis

middle of bone

Metaphysis

neck of bone

Axial skeleton

skull, spin, sternum, and ribs

Appendicular skeleton

upper and lower extremities

Upper extremities

arms, elbows, forearms, wrists, and hands

Lower extremities

thighs, knees, legs, ankles, feet

Joint

where two bones meet

Ligaments

join bone to bone

Tendon

join muscle to bone

Bursae

sacs of fluid found under tendons to cushion the structures that surround the joint and prevent fraying of the tendons with repeated movement

Muscles

collections of muscle fiber bundles

Fascia

thin sheet of connective tissue that covers muscle fibers

Types of muscle

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

skeletal muscle

aka striated muscle, attaches to bones has striations, encased in fascia, voluntary

cardiac muscle

striated, differs slightly in packaging from skeletal muscle, only found in the heart, involuntary

Smooth muscle

no specific muscle, lines hollow organs, involuntary

oste/o

bone

crani/o

head, skull

cervic/o

neck

cost/o

rib

lumb/o

lower back

brachi/o

arm

carp/o

wrist

dactyl/o

finger

femor/o

femur

tibi/o

tibia

tars/o

ankle

chondr/o

cartilage

arthr/o

joint

burs/o

bursa

muscul/o, my/o, myos/o

muscle

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon

kinesi/o

movement

fasci/o

fascia

spondyl/o

vertebra

ton/o

tone, tension

tax/o

order, arrangement, coordination

ankyl/o

stiff bent

Ostalgia, ostealgia, osteodynia

pain in the bone

Arthralgia, arthrodynia

pain in the joint

Tenalgia

pain in the tendon

Myalgia, myodynia

pain in the muscle

Atrophy

lack of development

Hypertrophy

overdevelopment

Ankylosis

stiff/bent joint (frozen)

Crepitus

crackling sound when bent

Hypotonia

decrease in muscle tone

Hypertonia

increase in muscle tone

Dystaxia, ataxia

poor coordination

Dyskinesia

inability to control movement

Bradykinesia

slow movement

Genu valgum

the knees are too close together under the hips, knock-kneed

Varum

the keenes are aligned to far apart under the hips, bow-legged

Myasthenia

muscle weakness

Graphospasm

writer's cramp

CT or CAT scan

computed axial tomography

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

Arthroscopy

procedure of looking into a joint

Electromyography (EMG)

procedure for measuring the electrical activity of a muscle

Kyphosis

abnormal forward curvature of the upper spine

Lordosis

abnormal of the lower spine

Scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Effusion

fluid buildup

Atrophy

underdevelopment, decrease, or loss of muscle

Hypertrophy

overdevelopment of muscle tissue

Arthrocentesis

puncture of a joint

Arthrogram

visual record of a joint

Arthroscope

instrument for looking into a joint

Arthrography

procedure used to examine a joint

Electromyogram

a record of the electrical activity of a muscle

Myography

procedure for studying muscles

Syndactyly

fusion (sometimes called webbing) of fingers (of toes)

Polydactyly

having more than the normal number of fingers (or toes)

Spondylitis

vertebra inflammation

Carpitis

wrist inflammation

Osteodystrophy

poor bone development

Osteolysis

bone loss

Osteonecrosis

death of bone

Osteosclerosis

abnormal hardening of bone

Exostosis

an abnormal growth of bone out of another bone

Craniomalacia

softening of the skull

Spondylomalacia

softening of the vertebra

Tarsoptosis

flat feet

Bursolith

a stone in a bursa

Hemarthrosis

blood in a join

Hydrarthrosis

water (fluid) in a joint

Pyarthrosis

pus in a joint

Myolysis

loss of muscle tissue

Myomalacia

softening of a muscle

Myosclerosis

hardening of a muscle

Myotonia

muscle tone

Myotasis

stretching of a muscle

Myocele

hernia of muscle tissue

Osteosarcoma

cancerous tumor arising out of bone cells

Osteogenesis imperfecta

brittle bone disease

Osteopenia

reduction of bone density

Osteoporosis

loss of bone density

Spinal stenosis

abnormal narrowing of the spinal column

Arthritis

inflammation of the joint