321- 327 chapter 8

explicit memory

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

implicit memory

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

space

while studying, you often encode the place on a page where certain material appears, later, when you want to retrieve the info, you may visualize its location on the page.

time

while going about your day, you unintentionally note the sequence of its events. later, realizing you've left your coat somewhere, the event sequences your brain automatically encoded will enable you to retrace your steps.

Frequency

you effortlessly keep track of how many times things happen,

George Sperling

flashed a group of letters for 1/20 of a second. People could recall only about half of the letters, but when he signaled to recall a particular row immediately after the letters disappeared with a specific tone, they could do so with near-perfect accuracy. demonstrated iconic memory.

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

George Miller

proposed that we can store about seven pieces of information (give or take two) in short-term memory

Chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

mnemonics

a device such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations that assists in remembering something.

peg-word system

a mnemonic strategy used to remember lists whereby each item is associated in imagination with a number-word pair

example: one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree.

testing effect

the finding that long-term memory is often increased when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the to-be-remembered information

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice

Hierarchies

a memory organization strategy where info is from top to bottom with subdivisions of categories, making it easy to outline and remember

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

deep processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

self-reference effect

a tendency to relate events or info to the self, such as by directing discussions towards ones personal concerns and perceptions.