Proteins that cannot be removed from the membrane without damaging or destroying it
New cards
9
Peripheral proteins
Proteins that can be easily removed from the membrane
New cards
10
Carrier proteins
Proteins that bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane
New cards
11
Cytoplasm
A general term for the material located between the plasma membrane and the membrane surrounding the nucleus
New cards
12
Organelles
structures that are suspended within the cytosol that perform specific functions for the cell
New cards
13
Cytosol or intracellular fluid
Fluid within a cell that contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products
New cards
14
Nonmembranous
The adjective for organelles that are not completely enclosed by membranes
New cards
15
Membranous
The adjective for organelles that are completely enclosed by membranes
New cards
16
Actin
The protein that comprises the microfilaments in a cell
New cards
17
Microtubules
Small tubes comprised of tubulin
New cards
18
Microvilli
Small, finger-shaped projections of the plasma membrane on a cell's surface
New cards
19
Centrioles
Cylinders formed from microtubules; these pull chromosomes apart during mitosis
New cards
20
Centrosome
The cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles
New cards
21
Cilia
long, slender extensions of the plasma membrane that beat together to move things past the cell
New cards
22
Ribosomes
The organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
New cards
23
Proteasomes
Organelles that contain an assortment of protein-digesting enzymes
New cards
24
Endoplasmic reticulum
large organelle, may or may not have ribosomes on it, involved in production of proteins, lipids, etc
New cards
25
Transport vesicles
Little packages or sacs of proteins produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum
New cards
26
Golgi apparatus
An organelle that packages, sorts and refines proteins
New cards
27
Lysosomes
A loose body that provides a safe place for potentially dangerous chemical reactions
New cards
28
Autolysis
Cell self-destruction
New cards
29
Peroxisomes
Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide
New cards
30
Mitochondria
Produce energy within a cell
New cards
31
Aerobic metabolism
A method of ATP production that involves oxygen
New cards
32
Nucleus
The control center of a cell
New cards
33
Nuclear envelope
A double membrane surrounding the nucleus
New cards
34
Nuclear pores
Small holes in the nuclear envelope
New cards
35
Nucleoli
Found within the nucleus
New cards
36
Chromosomes
Formed from chromatin; 23 pairs of these in humans
New cards
37
Genetic code
The language of cells and their DNA
New cards
38
Gene
The functional unit of heredity
New cards
39
Protein synthesis
The creation of polypeptides (proteins)
New cards
40
Impermeable
Like a shield; not able to be penetrated
New cards
41
Permeability
The property of a plasma membrane that determines what can pass and what cannot
New cards
42
Selectively permeable
plasma membranes, for example, because they are neither impermeable nor freely permeable
New cards
43
Freely permeable
a membrane through which anything can pass without difficulty is said to be this
New cards
44
Diffusion
The tendency to move from high concentration to low concentration
New cards
45
gradient
areas of higher and lower solute concentration form a concentration \_____________________
New cards
46
Leak channels
Special passive channels through which ions can move
New cards
47
Osmosis
the passive movement (diffusion) of water
New cards
48
Osmotic pressure
An indication of the force with which pure water moves into a solution
New cards
49
Hydrostatic pressure
Pushing against a fluid; opposes osmotic pressure
New cards
50
Osmolarity or osmotic concentration
Total solute concentration in an aqueous solution (two terms)
New cards
51
Isotonic
a term that means solute concentration is the same on both sides of a membrane
New cards
52
Hypotonic
a term that means solute concentration is lower outside a membrane than inside the membrane
New cards
53
Hypertonic
a term that means solute concentration is higher outside a membrane than inside the membrane
New cards
54
Hemolysis
The bursting of a red blood cell
New cards
55
Crenation
The shrinking of red blood cells
New cards
56
Carrier-mediated transport
The type of transport in which proteins bind to ions or substrates and carry them across the plasma membrane
New cards
57
Cotransport (aka symport)
The type of transport in which the carrier transports two substances in the same direction simultaneously
New cards
58
Countertransport (aka antiport)
The type of transport in which substances are moving in opposite directions
New cards
59
Facilitated diffusion
A passive type of transport in which substances must be helped across the membrane by carrier proteins
New cards
60
Receptor site
The location on a carrier protein where facilitated diffusion takes place
New cards
61
Active transport
The type of transport in which ATP provides the energy needed to move ions or molecules across the membrane.
New cards
62
Ion pumps
Carrier proteins that carry cations and anions across a plasma membrane
New cards
63
Exchange pump
Carrier proteins that can perform countertransport
New cards
64
Sodium-potassium exchange pump
An exchange pump that ejects sodium ions and recaptures lost potassium ions
New cards
65
Vesicles
Small membranous sacs that form at, or fuse with, the plasma membrane
New cards
66
Endosomes
Another name for vesicles, especially in terms of endocytosis
New cards
67
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
A highly selective process in which vesicles are produced that contain a specific target molecule in high concentrations
New cards
68
Pinocytosis
"Cell drinking"
New cards
69
Phagocytosis
"Cell eating"
New cards
70
anchoring proteins
proteins that attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position
New cards
71
recognition proteins
proteins that identify cells
New cards
72
receptor proteins
proteins in the plasma membrane that are sensitive to the presence of specific extracellular molecules called ligands
New cards
73
ligand
A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.
New cards
74
intermediate filaments
fibers which give cells strength; insoluble and the most durable of the cytoskeletal elements
New cards
75
microfilaments
the smallest of the cytoskeletal elements; made of actin
New cards
76
myosin
a protein that comprises thick filaments
New cards
77
actin
a protein that comprises microfilaments
New cards
78
tubulin
a globular protein that comprises microtububles
New cards
79
thick filaments
relatively massive bundles of subunits made of myosin
New cards
80
basal body
the structure just beneath the cell surface to which microtubules are anchored
New cards
81
primary cilium
a single, nonmotile attachment which acts as a signal sensor
New cards
82
flagellum
an extension of the plasma membrane; beats in a wavelike fashion
New cards
83
small and large ribosomal subunit
two components of a functional ribosome
New cards
84
free ribosome
a type of functional ribosomes scattered throughout the cell
New cards
85
fixed ribosome
a type of functional ribosome attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
New cards
86
cisternae
the name of the chambers inside the endoplasmic reticulum
New cards
87
membrane flow
the continuous movement and exchange of membrane segments
New cards
88
cristae
the folds of the inner membrane of mitochondria
New cards
89
matrix
the fluid contents of the mitochondrion
New cards
90
endocytosis
Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell's plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell.
New cards
91
exocytosis
Mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.
New cards
92
citric acid cycle
an enzymatic pathway that breaks down the absorbed pyruvate
New cards
93
pyruvate
Organic compound with a backbone of three carbon atoms. Two molecules form as end products of glycolysis
New cards
94
glycolysis
a reaction sequence that breaks down a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvate
New cards
95
perinuclear space
the space between the two layers of the nuclear envelope
New cards
96
nuclear matrix
a network of fine filaments that provides structural support and may be involved in the regulation of genetic activity
New cards
97
histones
nucleoli are composed of RNA, enzymes, and proteins with this name
New cards
98
nucleosome
a complex created when the DNA strands wind around histones
New cards
99
chromatin
a tangle of fine filaments comprised of nucleosomes within the nucleus of a cell that is not dividing
New cards
100
gene activation
before a gene can affect the cell, the portion of the DNA molecule containing that gene must be uncoiled and the histones temporarily removed, a process known as
Studied by 0 people
Note 
Flashcard (106)