BIOCHEMICAL ENERGY PRODUCTION

Metabolism

Is the sum total of all the biochemical reactions that take place in a living organism

1. Catabolism
2. Anabolism

Metabolic 2 subtypes

Catabolism

Is all metabolic reactions in which large biochemical molecules are broken down to smaller ones
-Usually release energy

Anabolism

Is all metabolic reactions in which small biochemical molecules are joined together to form larger ones
-Usually require energy in order to proceed

Metabolic pathways

- Reactions that occur in cell are usually organized into sequences
- Is a series of consecutive biochemical reactions used to convert a starting material into an end product

Linear

A series of reactions generates a final product

Cyclic

A series of reactions generates the first reactant

Prokaryotic

No nucleus

Nucleoid

Is usually a single circular molecule found near the center of the cell in a region

Eukaryotic cell

Is a cell in which the DNA is found in a membrane-enclosed nuceus

Cytoplasm

Is the water-based material of a eukaryotic cell that lies between the nucleus and outer membrane of the cell

Organelle

Is a minute structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that carries out a specific cellular functions

Cytosol

Is the water-based fluid part of the cytoplasm of a cell

1. Ribosomes
2. Lysosomes
3. Mitochondria

Types of Organelles

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Lysosomes

Is an organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes needed for cellular rebuilding, repair, degradation

Mitocondrion

Is an organelle that is responsible for the generation of most of the energy for a cell

Matrix

An interior region

Intermembrane space

Region between the inner and outer membrane

Cristae

The folds of the inner membrane that protude into the matrix

ATP synthesis complexes

Small spherical knobs attached to the cristae

Phosphoester bond

Phosphate-Ribose Bond

Phosphoanhydride bond

Phosphate-phosphate bond

Anhydride

Refers to the production loss of a molecule of water when two phosphate groups bond to each other

Phosphoanhydride bond

Is the chemical bond formed when two phosphate groups react with each other and a water molecule is produced

Phosphoryl group

Functional group derived from a phosphate ion

H+ ions

Is a product of the hydrolysis; it's source is the water molecule

ATP & ADP

Very reactive bonds

Strained bonds

The presence of such reactive bonds

ATP

Function as both a source of a phosphate group and a source of energy

UTP (uridine triphosphate)

Is involved in carbohydrate metabolism

GTP (guanosine triphosphate)

Participates in protein and carbohydrate metabolism

CTP (cytidine triphosphate)

Is involved in lipid metabolism

flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Is a coenzyme required in numerous metabolic redox reactions

1. Myosin
2. Actin

Types of Muscle Protein

Low Ca2+

Associated with relaxed muscles

High Ca2+

Associated with contracted muscle

Actin

Thin filaments

Myosin

Thick filaments

1. Oxidized form
2. Reduced form

FAD 2 forms

Flavin subunit

Active portion of FAD

+ sign

Refers to the positive charge

oxidation of secondary alcohol

Serves as the oxidizing agent

Coenzyme A

A derivative of the B vitamin pantothenic acid

Phosphorylated

- ADP subunit
- Gives the complete structural formula for coenzyme

Sulfahydryl group

Active portion of coenzyme A

Acetyl group

Is the portion of an acetic acid molecule that remains after the -OH group is removed from the carboxyl carbon atom

1. Hydroxy derivative
2. Keto derivative
3. Unsaturated derivative
4. Keto derivative
5. Carboxyhydroxy derivative

5 Polyfunctional Carboxylate ions

1. Hydroxy derivative
2. Keto derivative
3. Unsaturated derivative

Types of SUCCINIC ACID

1. Keto derivative
2. Carboxyhydroxy derivative

Types of GLUTARIC ACID

1. Succinic acid
2. Glutaric acid

2 Simple Carboxylic Acids

High energy compound

Is a compound that has a greater free energy of hydrolysis than that of a typical compound

Strained bonds

Contain one or more very reactive bonds

1. Digestion
2. Acetyl group formation
3. Citric acid cycle
4. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

4 General stages in the biochemical energy production process

Common Metabolic Pathway

The sum total of the biochemical reactions of the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation

Citric Acid Cycle

Is the series of biochemical reactions

Krebs cycle

Citric acid cycle

tricarboxylic acid cycle

3 carboxylate groups present in citric acid

Decarboxylation

Removal of carbon atom

1. Formation of citrate
2. Formation of Isocitrate
3. Oxidation of Isocitrate and formation of CO2
4. Oxidation of a-ketoglutarate and formation of CO2
5. Thioester bond cleavage in Succinyl CoA and Phosphorylation of GDP
6. Oxidation of succinate
7. Hydration of Fumarate
8. Oxidation of 1-malate to regenerate oxaloacetate

Reactions of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE

NAD+

Oxidizing agent when a carbon-oxygen double bond is form

NADH

Acts as an INHIBITOR

ADP

Acts as an ACTIVATOR

Electron transport chain

Is a series of biochemical reactions in which electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH2 are passed to intermediate carriers

Respiratory chain

The electron transport chain

1. Complex 1- NADH-coenzyme Q reductase
2. Complex 2- Succinate-coenzyme Q reductase
3. Complex 3- Coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase
4. Complex 4- Cytochrome c oxidase

4 PROTEIN COMPLEXES

Complex 1

Largest of the 4 protein complexes

Acotinase

ENZYME present in Formation of Isocitrate

Succinate dehydrogenase

ENZYME present in Oxidation of Succinate

Fumarase

ENZYME present in Hydration of Fumarate

Malate dehydrogenase

ENZYME present in Oxidation of L-malate

Complex 1

Contains more than 40 SUBUNITS

Quinone

Q means ______

Complex 2

only 4 SUBUNITS

Complex 3

Contains 11 SUBUNITS

Complex 4

Contains 13 SUBUNITS

Cytochrome

Is a heme-containing protein

Copper

Is a cofactor for the well-known enzyme called superoxide dismutase

Electron Transport Chain

Is a schematic diagram summarizing the flow of electrons

Oxidative phosphorylation

Is the biochemical process by which ATP is synthesized from ADP

Coupled Reactions

Are pairs of biochemical reactions that occur concurrently

Proton pumps

Transferring proton from the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane

Chemiostic Coupling

Is an explanation for the coupling of ATP synthesis

Thermogenin

A protein that functions as an uncoupling agent

Thermogenin

The uncoupling agent in brown fat

Amygdalin

Is naturally present in the pits of apricots, peaches and plums

Phytochemical

Is a chemical compound that occurs naturally in plants

Vitamin C

Free-radical damage

1. Superoxide dismutase

2. Catalase

2 Most rapidly working ENZYME

Flavonoids

Antioxidant phytochemical

B-vitamins

Functions as coenzymes in metabolic pathways