Chapter 8 BIO
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40 Terms
What is cellular respiration?
A process that breaks down organic molecules (like glucose) to produce ATP using oxygen.
Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?
Aerobic (requires oxygen).
What are the main products of cellular respiration?
CO₂, H₂O, and ATP.
What happens to glucose during cellular respiration?
It is completely broken down into CO₂ and H₂O.
Why is energy released step-wise?
To efficiently produce ATP.This prevents energy loss as heat and allows for better energy capture.
What is NAD⁺?
An electron carrier that becomes NADH when reduced.
What is FAD?
An electron carrier that becomes FADH₂ when it gains electrons.
What happens when NAD⁺ gains electrons?
It is reduced to NADH.This process also involves the acceptance of protons.
What are the four stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation (Prep), Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm.
What is glycolysis?
Breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules.
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No (anaerobic).
Net ATP from glycolysis?
2 ATP.
What are the outputs of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH.
What happens during the energy investment phase?
2 ATP are used to start the process.
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
Mitochondrial matrix.
What happens to pyruvate?
Converted into Acetyl-CoA.This conversion occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, where pyruvate is decarboxylated and combined with coenzyme A.
What is released during pyruvate oxidation?
CO₂.
What energy carrier is produced?
NADH.
How many times does this step occur per glucose?
Twice.
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix.
What enters the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl-CoA.
What are the main outputs of the Krebs Cycle?
CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, ATP.
How many times does the Krebs cycle run per glucose?
Twice.
Total ATP from Krebs cycle?
2 ATP.
Where is the ETC located?
Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae).
What is the role of the ETC?
Produces ATP using electrons from NADH and FADH₂.
What is the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen.
What is formed when oxygen accepts electrons?
Water (H₂O).
How much ATP does the ETC produce?
~32–34 ATP.
What is chemiosmosis?
ATP production driven by a proton (H⁺) gradient.
What enzyme produces ATP in ETC?
ATP synthase.
When does fermentation occur?
When oxygen is not available.
Where does fermentation occur?
Cytoplasm.
What are the two types of fermentation?
Lactic acid and alcoholic.
Net ATP from fermentation?
2 ATP.
Total ATP from cellular respiration?
36–38 ATP per glucose.
Which stage produces the most ATP?
Electron Transport Chain.
What is catabolism?
Breakdown of molecules (releases energy).
What is anabolism?
Building molecules (requires energy).
