Honors Biology Chapter 10 - Cellular Respiration

cellular respiration

a complex process in which cells break down organic compounds to form ATP

in cellular respiration, ____ are the biggest group broken down

carbohydrates

both --- and ---- undergo cellular respiration to…

heterotrophs and autotrophs; break down organic compounds

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----→ 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

2 main parts of cellular respiration

anaerobic respiration; aerobic respiration

where does anaerobic respiration/glycolysis occur

in the cytosol in the cytoplasm

glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

what is needed for glycoylsis

need two ATPs to start; needs energy

4 steps of glycolysis

two phosphates are attached to glucose forming a new 6-Carbon compound called fructose; the 6-Carbon compound then splits into two 3-Carbon compounds called G3P; two G3P molecules are oxidized and receive two phosphates forming two new molecules that are 3-Carbon compounds; phosphate groups are removed from the 3-Carbon compounds which produces two molecules of pyruvic acid (3-Carbon)

draw four steps of glycolysis

final conclusions of glycolysis/anaerobic respiration

two pyruvic acid; 4 ATP (2 ATP); 2NADH2

2NADH2 function

a coenzyme of oxidation that accepts hydrogen atoms from a substrate and carries them to another accepter

what the transition reaction needs

oxygen

where the transition reaction occurs

in the matrix of the mitochondria

matrix

the space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria

the transition reaction

before the Krebs Cycle can begin, pyruvic acid combines with a coenzyme A to form a 2-Carbon compound called acetyl CoA (acetic acid)

final conclusions of the transition reaction

2 acetic acid; 2 CO2; 2NADH2

2 main parts of aerobic respiration; both require oxygen

Krebs Cycle; Electron Transport Chain

Krebs Cycle

a biochemical pathway oxidation of glucose that began in glycolysis is complete

how many times does the Krebs Cycle go through

2 times

where does the Krebs Cycle take place

in the matrix of the mitochondria

what does the Krebs Cycle need

oxygen

steps of the Krebs Cycle

Acetic acid, which is a 2-Carbon compound, combines with a 4-Carbon compound called oxaloacetic acid to form a 6-Carbon compound called citric acid; the 6-Carbon compound is broken down into a 5-Carbon compound releasing a hydrogen and carbon dioxide (CO2); the 5-Carbon compound releases a hydrogen and carbon dioxide (CO2) to form a 4-Carbon compound; the 4-Carbon compound releases a hydrogen atom to form another 4-Carbon compound; this 4-Carbon compound releases a hydrogen to regenerate oxaloacetic acid, which is ready to accept another acetic acid (2 carbon)

final conclusions of Krebs Cycle

2 ATP, 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2

function of FADH2

accepts electrons in a redox reaction

redox reaction

electrons are transferred between atoms

draw and label the Krebs Cycle

electron transport chain

a series of carrier proteins in a membrane that transfer electrons from one molecule to another

where does the electron transport chain take place

in the cristae of the mitochondria

the electron transport chain produces the highest amount of

energy

steps of the electron transport chain

high energy electrons are passed from NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain and also gives off protons (H+ ions); high energy electrons are passed from one carrier protein to the next in a series of redox reactions; energy lost from the electrons is used to pump H+ ions from the matrix; everytime two high energy electrons move down the electron transport chain, their energy is used to move H+ ions across the membrane; H+ ions build up in the inter membrane space of the mitochondria, making it positively charged (the other side of the membrane is negatively charged because it has electrons); as the H+ ions pass through a channel in the protein they release energy; the concentration and electrical gradient of protons drive the synthesis of ATP by chemosis; oxygen is the final accepter of electrons that have passed through the chain

chemiosmosis

the process in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient across the membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP

ATP synthetase

uses the energy to convert ADP to ATP

what does oxygen accept; what do they form when combined

protons and electrons; water

final results of the electron transport chain

6 waters; 34 ATP

draw and label the etc

fermentation

glycolysis followed by a conversion of pyruvic acid into some other end product

where does fermentation take place

in the cytoplasm

does fermentation require oxygen

no

lactic acid fermentation

occurs in microorganisms to make dairy products; occurs in muscle cells when they undergo muscle fatigue

alcohol fermentation

occurs in yeast cells; is used when making bread and alcoholic beverages

end products of alcohol fermentation

ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) and CO2

total ATP of cellular respiration

38 ATP

total ATP from anaerobic phase

2

total ATP from aerobic phase

36