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Solids
Matter with a definite shape and volume.
Amorphous
Solids with no arranged structure of molecules.
Crystalline
Solids with molecules arranged into patterns.
Liquids
Matter with a definite volume but no definite shape.
Surface Tension
The cohesive force at the surface of a liquid.
Viscosity
A measure of a liquid's resistance to flow.
Vapor Pressure
The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid.
Boiling Point
The temperature at which a liquid turns to vapor.
Heat of Vaporization
The amount of energy required to convert a liquid into a gas.
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
Forces that hold molecules together.
Dipole-Dipole
Attraction between polar molecules with partial positive and negative charges.
Hydrogen Bond
A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction involving hydrogen and electronegative atoms (N, O, F).
Ion-Dipole
Interaction between an ion and a polar molecule.
London Dispersion Force
Weak attraction between all atoms and molecules, significant in nonpolar substances.
Expanding the Solvent
Overcoming intermolecular forces in the solvent to accommodate solute.
Expanding the Solute
Separating solute into individual components for interaction with solvent.
Enthalpy of Solution
The total heat change during the dissolution process.
Endothermic
A process that absorbs heat (positive enthalpy change).
Exothermic
A process that releases heat (negative enthalpy change).
Percent by Mass
A calculation of solute mass relative to the total mass of the solution.
Percent by Volume
A calculation of solute volume relative to the total volume of the solution.
Mass-Volume Percent
A calculation of solute mass relative to the solution volume.
Molarity (M)
The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molality (m)
The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Open System
A system where matter and energy can freely exchange with surroundings.
Closed System
A system where energy can exchange but matter cannot.
Isolated System
A system where neither energy nor matter can exchange with surroundings.
Conduction
Heat transfer through direct contact.
Convection
Heat transfer through fluid movement.
Radiation
Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.
Important Elements
Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2), Fluorine (F2), Chlorine (Cl2), Bromine (Br2), Iodine (I2), Hydrogen (H2).
Sulfate
SO4-2, a polyatomic ion.
Ammonium
NH4+, a positively charged polyatomic ion.
Aluminum
Al+3, a cation.
Phosphorus
P-3, an anion.
Carbonate
CO3^2-, a polyatomic ion.
Nitrate
NO3-, a polyatomic ion.
Hydroxide
OH-, a polyatomic ion.
Hydrochloric Acid
HCl-1, a strong acid.
Sulfuric Acid
H2SO4+6, a strong acid.
Carbon
C+4, an element with a +4 oxidation state.
Note 
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