PMLS - History of Medical Technology Profession

ANNA FAGELSON (1961)

WHAT IS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY?

“the branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease an the maintenance of health.”

RUTH HEINEMANN (1963)

WHAT IS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY?

“the application of the principles of the natural, physical and biological sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.”

ANNA FAGELSON (1961)

WHAT IS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY?

“the branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease an the maintenance of health.”

RUTH HEINEMANN (1963)

WHAT IS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY?

“the application of the principles of the natural, physical and biological sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.”

WALTERS (1966)

WHAT IS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY?

“as the health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of disease as well as in the maintenance of good health.”

RA 5527 (“THE PHILIPPINE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT OF 1969)

WHAT IS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY?

Defined Medical Technology as an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the examination of tissues, secretion and excretion of the human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical, microscopic and other medical laboratory procedures or techniques either manual or automated which will aid in the diagnosis study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general.

June 21, 1969

RA 5527 when?

Vivian Herrick

EMERGENCE OF THE PROFESSION

said that Medical Technology can be traced back in 1550 B.C.

Ebers Papyrus

Intestinal parasitic infection caused by intestinal parasites (Taenia spp. and Ascaris lumbricoides)

Anna Fagelson

EMERGENCE OF THE PROFESSION

Prefers to date Medical Technology from the 14th century when a prominent Italian physician at the University of Bologna employed one Alessandra Giliani to perform certain tasks which would now be considered those of the medical technologist.

It is of interest that Giliani died from a laboratory acquired infection.

Alessandra Giliani

A prominent Italian physician at the University of Bologna employed ______________ to perform certain tasks which would now be considered those of the medical technologist.

Died from a laboratory acquired infection.

yellow bile
black bile
blood
phlegm

4 humours

Hippocrates

“Father of Medicine”

Utilization of drugs, surgery, bloodletting

Hippocrates made this triad for treatment

Galen

Instigated a rudimentary and qualitative assessment of disorder

Urine

One of the body fluids that underwent examination

Rufus Ephesus

50 AD: he made the first description of hematuria as the presence of blood in the urine

“water casting” or uroscopy

Medieval period (1098-1438): ___________________ was widely practiced

Isaac Judaeus

900 AD: __________ described the concepts of urine formation, urinary sediments, and urine characteristics in relation to diseases

“Kitab al Baul” or Book of Urine

where did Isaac Judaeus described the concepts of urine formation, urinary sediments, and urine characteristics in relation to diseases

Jerusalem Code 1090

failure to examine the urine exposed a physician to public beating

Isaac Judaeus

founder of nephrology

Athanasius Kircher

(1602-1680) he was a German Jesuit scholar who studied microorganisms in blood during the plague epidemic in Italy in the 1600s

His work was a key step in the development of blood cultures and the understanding of contagion.

Used an early microscope to examine the blood of plague victims

Observed tiny worms in the blood, which he called "animalcules"

Concluded that the plague was caused by microorganisms that were too small to see without a microscope

Recommended isolation, quarantine, and face masks to prevent the spread of the plague

animalcules

Athanasius Kircher observed tiny worms in the blood, which he called

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

“Father of Microbiology”

New, improved compound microscope

Bacteria (classified according to shape), blood cells, muscle fibers, spermatozoa, protozoa

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

First Microscope was invented by

Marcello Malphigi

Served as a physician to Pope Innocent XII

“Father of Modern Anatomic Pathology”

Embryology of the chick

Histology and physiology of the glands and viscera

Rudolf Virchow

“Father of Microscopic Pathology”

First scientist/physician of the time who emphasized the study of the manifestation of diseases and infections

18th century

When were mechanical techniques, along with cadaver dissection, utilized to achieve a more objective and precise diagnosis.

19th Century

Physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics

julius harrison

Sphygmomanometer was discovered by

John Hutchinson

Spirometer was discovered by

Sphygmomanometer

Spirometer

University of Michigan Hospital

First clinical laboratory setup

1969

during this year, 80% medical professionals in the hospital are not physicians

University of Pennsylvania’s William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine (1895)

laboratory by William Pepper Jr.

Dr. William Welch

The first physician recruited to be a professor at the John Hopkins University in Baltimore (1886)

Appointed as the head of the Department of Pathology

Became the first dean of the John Hopkins University School of Medicine

Bellevue Medical College (New York University Medical School)

Dr. William Welch opened a teaching laboratory in America at

Dr. William Osler

1880: Introduced and used the microscope and a blood counting machine in the hospital based laboratory

1898: established ward laboratories at the John Hopkins Hospital

James Campbell Todd

1908: Wrote a book entitled “Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory methods”

John Bernard Henry

Edited the book, “Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory methods” and was then named “Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods”

Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods

“Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory methods” by James Campbell Todd was furthered edited by John Bernard Henry to become _______________________________________________ (the Bible of MedTechs)

John Kolmer

1918: Published “The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians”

Description of the first formal training course in Medical Technology

1915

In what year did the state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have a fully-equipped laboratory fit for routine testing and to employ a full time laboratory technician

1920

In this year, administrative units of clinical laboratories in hospitals were directed by a chief physician

Clinical pathology, bacteriology, microbiology, serology, and radiology

4-5 divisions

Chief Pathologist

Supervisors of Medtechs, the head of the laboratory

American Society for Clinical Pathology

1922: Founded with the objective of encouraging the cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists as well as maintaining the status of clinical pathologists

code of ethics

American Society for Clinical Pathology established the ___________ for technicians and technologists

University of Minnesota

1923: First to offer a degree program on Medical Technology

American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science

formerly the American Society for Medical Technologists

Originally formed as a subgroup of ASCP

Helped in the recognition of nonphysician clinical laboratory scientists as autonomous professionals

1950s

In this year, medical technologists in the US sought professional recognition from the government through licensure exams

HOSPITAL REAL

first hospital of the Philippines

1565: Moved from Cebu to Manila

Cater to military patients

San Lazaro Hospital

1578: Built by the Franciscans for the poor and lepers

Ketong

Filipino for Leprosy

San Juan de Dios Hospital

1596: Founded for the poor Spaniards

Hospital de San Jose

1641: Founded in Cavite

University of Santo Tomas

Founded in 1611

1871: Established the first faculties of pharmacy and medicine

Boletin de Medicina de Manila (1886)

Revisita Farmaceutica de Filipinas (1893)

Cronicas de Ciencias Medicas (1895)

JOURNALS OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE

Central board of vaccination

1806: Production and distribution of vaccine lymph

122 regular vaccinators (vacunadores)

Laboratorio Municipal de Manila

1887: Established to perform laboratory examinations of food, water, and clinical samples

General Antonio Luna

was employed as a chemical expert and pioneered water testing, forensics, and environmental studies

studied in the Institution of Paris

Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott

Chief surgeon of the Division of the Pacific and 8th Army Corps

1898: Converted the Spanish Military Hospital into the First Reserve Hospital

Diagnostic laboratory not fully maximized --> following contraction of typhoid by the director

Richard P. Strong

Successor to the First Reserve Hospital

Utilized to perform autopsies, examination of blood, feces, and urine, and other laboratory services

Bureau of Government Laboratories

1901: Established by the US Government through the Philippine Commission

Science library, chemical section, serum laboratory

Philippine Commission Act No. 156

Philippine commission act that established the bureau of government laboratories

Bureau of Science

1905: this was established for medical officers who sought a career in laboratory research
⚬ The Bureau worked with the Army Board --> Study of the Tropical Diseases
⚬ Together with PGH and UP >> active center for scientific research and instruction in the country

Study of the Tropical Diseases

Bureau of Science worked with the Army Board for the

PGH

UP

Bureau of Science together with ___ and __ became the active center for scientific research and instruction in the country

Paul Freer

Bureau of Government Laboratories’ 1st Director

bombing of Manila by Japan

Bureau of Science got destroyed during the

BUREAU OF HEALTH

From the civilian Board of Health established by the Americans

1915: Reorganized into the Philippine Health Service

1933: Reverted into the Bureau of Health

UP College of Public Health

Aims to provide proper training to the Philippine Health Services Medical Officers

Certificate in Public Health Program

June 1927: UP College of Public Health opened its

December 8, 1941

when did Japan attack the whole of Manila

Laboratory unit of the US Army provided medical services with the available laboratory supplies, supplementary laboratory examinations, epidemiological and sanitary investigations:
⚬ Routine water analysis
⚬ Examination of food supplies
⚬ Distribution of special reagents and solutions
⚬ Culture media
⚬ Investigation of epidemics and epizootics
⚬ Special serological, bacteriological, pathological and chemical examiantions, post-mortem examinations, preservation of pathological specimens

1944

when did they deploy separately as small detachments or mobile laboratory sections to military bases in different islands

Medical Units Deployed

⚬ Leyte
￭ 19th Medical General Laboratory
￭ 3rd Medical Laboratory
￭ 363rd Medical Composite Detachment
￭ 27th Medical Laboratory (Tacloban)

⚬ Luzon
￭ 26th Medical Laboratory (Lingayen Gulf)

26th Medical Laboratory (Lingayen Gulf)

the only laboratory for 6 months following the US invasion on January 9, 1945

3D Medical Laboratory

first laboratory unit to be assigned in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA)

Manila Public Health Laboratory

First clinical laboratory in the Philippines

6th Infantry Division of the US Army

Manila Public Health Laboratory was established during the WWII by the ____________________________ at Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila

June 1945

when was the Manila Public Health Laboratory endorsed to the National Department of Health

Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda

Dr. Mariano Icasiano

the Manila Public Health Laboratory was non- operational until reopened by ___________________ with the help of _________________

October 1945

when was the the Manila Public Health Laboratory reopened

Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana

conducted a training program for aspiring laboratory workers

Dr. Sta. Ana

tasked to prepare a 6-month formal syllabus with certificate upon completion

Dr. Tirso Briones

he joined later on in creating a training program for aspiring laboratory workers

1954

the training program for aspiring laboratory workers ended in

4-year course in BSMT

in 1954, what was approved by the Bureau of Private Education

Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (MSH)

opened the first School of Medical Technology in the Philippines

Mrs. Willa Hilgert Hedrick

made the syllabus and course for medtechs

wife of Dr. Elvin Hedrick

Medical Internship and Residency training program - Loma Linda University (California)

Antonette Mckelvey

helped Willa Hilgert Hedrick with the making of the syllabus and course

Philippine Union College (PUC)

absorbed MSH’s School of Medical Technology in 1954

Dr. Jesse Umali

the first graduate of the Medical Technology Program

later graduated as a Doctor of Medicine at FEU and a successful OB-gynecologist in the US

Manila Adventist Medical Center

Manila Sanitarium and Hospital became

Adventist University of the Philippines

Philippine Union College became

University of Sto. Tomas

offered the Medical Technology course as an elective for pharmacy students (1957)

1961

this is when Medical Technology was recognized as an official program in UST

Dr. Horacio Ylagan

Dr. Serafin J. Juliano

Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

FEU (1961): _______________ and ________________ (granted authority by Dr. Lauro H. Panganiban and Dr. Jesus B. Nolasco)

1963

what year were there first graduates of medtech in FEU

President Carmen de Luna

Purificacion Sunico-Suaco

Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

CEU: ______________________ delegated ___________________ to work on the offering of Medical Technology course