Chapter 2 (Campbell's Biology in Focus)

based off of Campbell's Biology in Focus

hydration shell

A(n) is formed when theres a sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion.

Van Der Waals interactions

occur when atoms get just close enough that a few electrons in their valence shell (electron cloud) touch.

Adhesion

is the clinging of one substance to another.

Evaporative cooling

occurs because the hottest molecules, (those with the greatest kinetic energy) are the ones most likely to leave as a gas.

Matter

is anything that takes up space and has mass.

unit of measurement

The for atoms and subatomic particles is a dalton.

solute

The is the dissolving agent of a solution.

Molarity

is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

chemical reactions

An element is a substance that can not be broken down into other substances by .

homogeneous mixture

A solution is a liquid that is a completely of two or more substances.

covalent bond

Two or more atoms held together by constitute a molecule.

unequal sharing of electrons

The and waters V- like shape make it a polar molecule.

Surface tension

is a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

aqueous solution

A(n) is one in which the solute is dissolved in water, water is the solvent.

radioactive isotope

A(n) is one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously giving particles and energy.

hydrogen bond

A(n) is formed when there is a noncovalent attraction between hydrogen and an electronegative atom.

chemical behaviour of an atom

The depends mostly on the number of electrons in its outermost shell.

chemical bonds

Attractions between atoms are called .

polar covalent bond

A(n) is when an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons will therefore not share equally.

Potential energy

is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.

Trace elements

are required by an organism in only minute quantities.

particular atom

The attraction of a(n) for the electrons of a covalent bond is called its electronegativity.

covalent bond

A(n) is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.