mgmt

Diversity

Diversity

Identity based differences among and between two or more people that affect their lives as applicants, employees, and customers.

Surface Level Diversity

Diversity in characteristics that are visible, such as race, ethnicity, and gender.

Deep Level Diversity

Non-observable characteristics, including stress, motivation, culture, and abilities.

Hidden Diversity

Characteristics that are not immediately visible, such as sexual orientation.

Groupthink

Dysfunction in decision making that occurs in homogeneous groups due to group pressures and members’ desire for conformity.

Social Categorization

The process through which individuals group others based on social information.

Information Elaboration

The exchange of information and perspectives, integrating individual processing results into group discussions.

Decision Making

The action or process of thinking through possible options and selecting one.

Programmed Decisions

Repeated decisions over time that can be guided by existing rules.

Nonprogrammed Decisions

Novel, unstructured decisions based on criteria that are not well defined.

Decision Making Process

The six steps include recognizing a decision needs to be made, generating alternatives, analyzing alternatives, selecting an alternative, implementing it, and evaluating its effectiveness.

Great Decisions

Decisions shaped by multiple viewpoints, accountability, proximity to action, addressing root causes, considering holistic impacts, balancing values, effective communication, and timeliness.

Bounded Rationality

The limitation in understanding all possible alternatives and implications of decisions.

Escalation of Commitment

The tendency to remain committed to a poor decision despite negative outcomes.

Faulty Perceptions

Biases in selecting, organizing, storing, and retrieving information about the environment.

Faulty Attribution

Biases in explaining the actions and events around us.

Psychological Safety

A shared belief that it is safe to take risks, express ideas, and admit mistakes without fear of negative consequences.

Encoding

The process of translating ideas into a systematic set of symbols for communication.

Decoding

The process by which the recipient interprets the message.

Noise

Factors that distort the clarity of messages in communication.

Promotive Voice

Employees’ expression of new ideas or suggestions for improving work unit functioning.

Prohibitive Voice

Employees’ expressions of concern about harmful work practices or behaviors.

Gender Differences in Communication

Variations in communication styles between men and women, affecting how they express ideas and emotions.

Group

A collection of individuals who share a common set of norms and have different roles.

Group Structure

The aspects that define the organization and roles within a group, including work roles, norms, cohesiveness, and status systems.

Process Gain

The phenomenon where a team performs better than the sum of its individual members.

Process Loss

The situation where a team performs worse than the sum of its individual members.

Selective Perception

The tendency to accept information consistent with our expectations.

Projection Bias

The assumption that others think, feel, and act the same way we do.

Social Identity Theory

The way individuals organize people into groups based on shared characteristics.

Stereotyping

Making assumptions based on group membership.

Framing

The way a question or situation is presented, influencing perception.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal factors rather than external circumstances.