Unit 7 TPQ

Amritsar

A city in Punjab, India, where British colonial forces massacred hundreds of peaceful protesters in 1919, radicalizing the Indian independence movement.

Civil Disobedience

A nonviolent protest against unjust laws or policies, famously advocated by Mahatma Gandhi.

Constitution of 1917

The Mexican constitution that included land redistribution, universal suffrage, and public education, guiding Mexico's government.

Corporatist

A political and economic system where major sectors, such as business and labor, work under state control, as seen in fascist Italy and Mexico under the PRI.

Indian National Congress

A political party in India that started as a platform for grievances against British rule and later became a major force in the independence movement.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

A dominant political party in Mexico for most of the 20th century, known for its corporatist policies and long-standing control over the government.

Kuomintang

Also called the Chinese Nationalist Party, it was founded by Sun Yat-sen and later led by Chiang Kai-shek, fighting both the Communists and the Japanese.

Long March

A year-long, 6,000-mile retreat by Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong, which gained them support among peasants.

Mahatma

A title meaning "great soul," given to Mohandas Gandhi for his leadership in India's independence movement.

Manchukuo

A puppet state set up by Japan in 1932 in Manchuria, with the last Chinese emperor as its ruler.

Manchuria

A region in northern China invaded by Japan in 1931 for its resources, leading to tensions in East Asia.

May Fourth Movement

A nationalist movement in China in 1919 that protested foreign influence and promoted modernization.

Nationalist

A person or movement advocating for national independence, unity, or self-determination.

Mexican Revolution

A period of political and social upheaval in Mexico (1910-1920) that led to land reforms and the establishment of the PRI.

Salt March

A nonviolent protest led by Gandhi in 1930 against British salt taxes, where he and his followers walked to the sea to make salt.

Satyagraha Movement

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolent resistance, meaning "devotion to truth," aimed at resisting oppression through civil disobedience.

Turkification

A policy in the late Ottoman Empire to promote Turkish culture and identity over its multiethnic population.

Young Turks

A revolutionary group that sought to modernize and reform the Ottoman Empire, advocating for constitutional government.

All Quiet on the Western Front

A novel by Erich Maria Remarque depicting the horrors of World War I from a German soldier's perspective.

Allies

The coalition of countries, including Britain, France, and later the U.S. and others, that fought against the Central Powers in World War I.

ANZAC

The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, which fought in World War I, particularly in the Gallipoli campaign.

Big Four

The main leaders at the Paris Peace Conference: Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy).

Black Hand

A Serbian nationalist group responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, sparking World War I.

Conscription

Mandatory enlistment in the military, widely used during World War I by various nations.

Fourteen Points

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for post-war peace, emphasizing self-determination and the League of Nations.

Gallipoli

A failed World War I campaign by the Allies to secure a sea route to Russia, involving heavy ANZAC losses.

Great War

Another name for World War I, fought between 1914 and 1918.

League of Nations

An international organization formed after World War I to maintain peace, though it was largely ineffective.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, contributing to U.S. involvement in World War I.

Militarism

The belief in maintaining a strong military and using it aggressively to achieve national goals, a major cause of World War I.

Paris Peace Conference

The 1919 meeting of Allied leaders that set the terms for peace after World War I, resulting in the Treaty of Versailles.

Propaganda

Information, often biased or misleading, used to promote a political cause or viewpoint, heavily used in World War I.

Reparations

Payments imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles for damages caused during World War I.

Self-determination

The principle that people of the same ethnicity, language, culture, and political ideals should have the right to form an independent nation-state.

Stalemate

A situation in war where neither side can make significant progress, often associated with trench warfare in World War I.

Total War

A strategy in which a nation dedicates all its resources, including civilian efforts, to the war effort.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations on Germany and establishing the League of Nations.

Trench Warfare

A method of fighting in which soldiers dug trenches for protection, leading to prolonged stalemates.

Triple Alliance

A pre-World War I alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

Triple Entente

A pre-World War I alliance between France, Britain, and Russia.

U-Boats

German submarines used during World War I and II, particularly for attacking Allied shipping.

Weimar Republic

The democratic government of Germany between World War I and Hitler’s rise to power in 1933.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret German proposal to Mexico in 1917, promising U.S. territory in exchange for joining the war, which led to U.S. involvement in World War I.

Balfour Declaration

A 1917 British statement supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Basque Region

An area in northern Spain and southern France with a distinct cultural identity, known for its separatist movements.

Bolshevik

A radical faction of Marxists led by Lenin that seized power in Russia in 1917, establishing a communist government.

Collectivize

The process of consolidating private land into state-controlled collective farms, used in the Soviet Union.

Communists

Supporters of a political system advocating for the elimination of private property and the control of the economy by the state.

Corporatism

A political and economic system where sectors of the economy, such as business and labor, work under state control.

Decolonization

The process of former colonies gaining independence, particularly after World War II.

Deficit Spending

The practice of a government spending more money than it collects in revenue, often to stimulate economic growth.

Five-Year Plan

A series of government-directed economic plans in the Soviet Union aimed at rapid industrialization.

Great Depression

A severe global economic downturn from 1929 to the early 1940s, leading to high unemployment and financial instability.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

A Japanese imperial concept during World War II aimed at creating a self-sufficient bloc of Asian nations under Japanese control.

Guernica

A Basque town bombed by Nazi Germany in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, inspiring Picasso’s famous painting.

Gulag

A system of brutal Soviet labor camps where political prisoners and criminals were sent.

Hypernationalism

Extreme nationalism that often leads to aggressive policies and expansionism.

Inflation

The rise in prices and decrease in currency value, often caused by excessive money printing.

Kolkhoz

A collective farm in the Soviet Union where workers were required to meet state-imposed production quotas.

Loyalists

Supporters of the existing government, particularly in the Spanish Civil War, where they fought against Franco’s fascist forces.

Luftwaffe

The German Air Force under Nazi Germany.

Mandate System

A system established by the League of Nations that placed former Ottoman and German territories under European control.

March First Movement

A 1919 Korean nationalist protest against Japanese colonial rule.

New Deal

U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt’s series of programs aimed at economic recovery during the Great Depression.

New Economic Plan (NEP)

A temporary economic policy in Soviet Russia that allowed some private enterprise to boost the economy.

Pan-Arabism

A movement promoting the political and cultural unity of Arab nations.

PEMEX

The Mexican state-owned oil company, nationalized in 1938.

Politburo

The central decision-making body of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union.

Popular Front

A coalition of left-wing parties formed in the 1930s to oppose fascism.

Recovery

Efforts to restore economic stability after crises like the Great Depression.

Relief

Government aid provided to people suffering economic hardships.

Republicans

In the Spanish Civil War, the faction fighting against Franco's Nationalists.

Russian Civil War

A conflict from 1917-1922 between the Bolsheviks (Reds) and anti-communist forces (Whites).

Totalitarian State

A government where the state controls all aspects of life, often seen in Nazi Germany and Stalinist USSR.

Zionists

Supporters of the movement for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Anschluss

The annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938.

Anti-Comintern Pact

An anti-communist agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Anti-Semitism

Hostility or prejudice against Jewish people.

Appeasement

The policy of making concessions to avoid conflict, notably used by Britain and France towards Nazi Germany.

Aryans

A term misused by the Nazis to describe a supposed "master race."

Atlantic Charter

A 1941 agreement between the U.S. and Britain outlining post-WWII goals.

Axis Powers

The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Battle of Britain

The 1940 air battle where Britain resisted a German invasion.

Battle of the Bulge

Germany's last major offensive in WWII, in the winter of 1944-45.

Blitzkrieg

"Lightning war," a fast and intense military strategy used by Germany.

Danzig

A contested port city between Germany and Poland, leading to WWII.

D-Day

June 6, 1944, the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France.

Fascism

A political ideology emphasizing nationalism, militarism, and authoritarian rule.

German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

A 1939 agreement between Germany and the USSR to avoid conflict, later broken by Hitler.

Hiroshima

The Japanese city where the U.S. dropped the first atomic bomb in 1945.

Holocaust

The Nazi genocide of six million Jews and millions of others during WWII.

Island Hopping

The U.S. strategy of capturing key islands in the Pacific during WWII.

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass," a 1938 Nazi attack on Jewish properties.

Lebensraum

Hitler’s idea of "living space" for Germans, justifying expansion into Eastern Europe.

Lend-Lease

A U.S. program providing military aid to Allies before joining WWII.

Mein Kampf

Hitler’s autobiography outlining his ideology and plans for Germany.

Munich Agreement

A 1938 deal allowing Germany to annex Sudetenland, a failed appeasement effort.

Nagasaki

The second Japanese city hit by an atomic bomb, leading to Japan’s surrender in WWII.

Nazis

Members of Hitler’s National Socialist German Workers' Party.

Nonaggression Pact

An agreement between nations to avoid war, as seen in the 1939 German-Soviet pact.