Archaeology Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the lecture notes provided.

Ch. Thomsen

In 1896 proposed dividing prehistory based on tools (Stone Age).

Prehistoric Period

All remains of human activity are hidden in the ground; examined by prehistoric archaeology and aerial archaeology.

Archaeological Period

Written sources are studied (analysis, translation); archaeology as part of anthropology.

Starožitnické Period

First archaeological finds in 1526; J. Dobrovský promoted archaeological monuments, seeking the roots of the nation.

Paeolit

Older Stone Age (4 million - 8000 BC)

Mezolit

Middle Stone Age (8000 - 5500 BC)

Neolit

Younger Stone Age (5500 - 4000 BC)

Eneolit

Copper Age / Chalcolithic (4000 - 2200 BC)

Doba bronzová

Bronze Age (2200 - 750 BC)

Doba železná

Iron Age (750 - 0)

Doba římská

Roman Period (0 - 400)

Doba stěhování národů

Migration Period (400 - 600)

Pleistocén

3.5 million - 10,000 BC; alternating periods of glacial and interglacial periods

Holocén

10,000 BC - present

Archeologie

Deals with the collection, evaluation, and extraction of material culture sources.

Klasická archeologie

Primarily deals with the ancient world, Greece and Rome, originating in the 1760s.

Prehistorická archeologie

Deals with the oldest periods

Experimentální archeologie

Method that establishes production processes, lifestyle, etc, through experiments.

Letecká archeologie

Studies human activity through changes in soil conditions visible in aerial photographs.

Trasologie

Determines the function of stone tools based on wear patterns.

Stratigrafie

Tool's age is determined by its depth in the ground.

Typologie

Age estimation based on the formal structure of artifacts.

Analogie

Comparing the functionality of individual tools.

Radiokarbonová metoda

Examines the half-life of carbon C14 to determine age.

Dendrochronologie

Dating method based on analyzing tree rings.

Antropogeneze

Explanation of the origin and evolution of humans as an animal species.

Paleoantropologie

Studies humans as individuals, including sex, age, injuries, diseases, diet, environment, and death.

Antropogeneze

Explanation of the origin and evolution of humans.

Hominoidi

Evolution of primates including extinct and living ape species; lived in trees and ate plants.

Hominidi

Creatures with bipedal walking, anatomical changes in the pelvis and lower limbs; started using tools but not making them

Homo habilis

"Handy Man"; deliberately made tools

Homo erectus

"Upright Man"; discovered fire; made typified tools

Homo sapiens neandertalensis

Neanderthals; survived in extreme climates; larger braincases than homo erectus; a "dead end"

Homo sapiens sapiens

Modern humans; same features as today; best migration abilities

Nejstarší paleolit

Oldest Paleolithic; longest period of prehistory; stone tools made by splitting stones (pebble culture); hominids from east africa

Starý paleolit

Old Paleolithic; more advanced stone and bone tools; used fire; lived in groups and caves; hunted large game; communicated through sounds and noises; cannibalism.

Střední paleolit

Middle Paleolithic; Homo sapiens; more advanced tool production; specialized in animal hunting; buried dead; Neanderthals; caves

Mladý paleolit

Young Paleolithic; modern humans; improved hunting with bows and arrows; cave paintings; burials; evidence of clothing and early trade

POZDNÍ PALEOLIT

Late Paleolithic; warming trend, sea-level rise, miniaturization and intense specialization of stone tools with rapidly growing populations looking to meet their needs more efficently

MEZOLIT

Mesolithic, final stage of appropriating economy, prevailed until the neolithic agricultural practices were adopted; still hunted and gathered

Doba kamenná

Paleolit - a) Starý paleolit – 1mil-300 tisíc - hlavní produkt odštěpky b) Střední paleolit – 300-40 tis. c) Mladý paleolit – 40-8 tis.-došlo k zjemňování, zminiaturizování

Neolit

Younger Stone Age where agriculture became the main source of food.

Kultura s lineární keramikou

Culture named after Pottery with geometric patterns.

Kultura s vypíchanou keramikou

Culture named after Pottery with pricked patterns.

Kultura s moravskou malovanou keramikou

Culture named after Pottery that is colorfully painted.

Eneolit

Late Stone Age/Copper Age where metal was discovered and ritual buildings erected. Patriarch society

Kultura nálevkovitých pohárů

Culture named after richly decorated pottery.

Kultura kanelované keramiky

Culture named after Pottery decorated with dense shallow grooving.

Kultura se šňůrovou keramikou

Culture named after Pottery decorated by imprinting twisted cord.

Řivnáčská kultura

A culture with hilltop settlements fortified with palisades and ditches with egg-shaped vessels with roughened surfaces.

Starší doba bronzová

Early Bronze Age where bronze was created. Society saw increased warrior importance and tribal structure. Religious was polytheistic

Střední doba bronzová

Middle Bronze Age saw climate changes that caused some societies to revert to pastoralism, and increased mortality from conflict

Mladší doba bronzová

Late Bronze Age; cremation-urn burials became typical. A time when people worshiped the heaves and sun.

Halštatská

The Early Iron Age named after a cemetery in Hallstatt, Austria. Found remains of four wheeled wagons usually pulled by cattle.

Doba Laténská

The Late Iron Age when Kelt's became prominent. Potters wheel became common place.

Svobodná Germánie

Free Germania where most early Germanic history is focused and were the people were tall, muscular, blue eyed and blond.

Thek

The public meeting place for all free men in Ancient Germanic society to make laws and practice customs.

Markomani

Germanic tribe that setted in modern day Morovia/ Czech Republic and parts of Austria.

Sámova říše

The 7th century empire founded by Frankish merchant Sámo to protect people from Avar oppression.

Velká Morava

The 8th century Slavic tribal alliance the established writing, worship, and language. Destroyed by Hungarians

Slovanská kultura

Consisted of Keramika pražského typu= na našem území, Polsko, polabští Slované