The Renaissance 13.5a-c+artwork

Italy between 1350-1550 was focused on the “rebirth of _________ antiquity

classical

where did the Renaissance start

Italy

The ________ empire fell, setting off the Renaissance when the scholars from there went to Italy and shared their ideas.

Byzantine

The most powerful presence in the Middle Ages.

God/religion

The Crusades

Christians try to reclaim the Holy land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims, eventually they fail. The pope claimed if someone fought against the Muslims in the crusades then they would get a free ride to Heaven.

Expansion in trade routes allowed for more communication/sharing of…

Ideas, culture (food, dress,etc)

Gothic Architecture vs. Renaissance Architecture

Gothic-overwhelming, sharp

Renaissance-balanced (golden mean), welcoming

The Golden Mean

Greek standard of perfection and balance

The Black Plague

Wiped out 1/3 of Europe and set them a bit behind in development

How was Italy divided at the time of the early renaissance

they were in city states; the renaissance starting in the urban societies

Italian intellectuals were very focused on individual ______

ability

Leon Battisa Alberti

Renaissance Architect; “Men can do all things if they will.”

“Universal ______” or a well rounded individual was the focus of the renaissance

person

The intellectual renaissance was a blend of ________ and ______

secularism and individualism

Renaissance Humanism

intellectual movement based on the study of the classics (greek+roman works)

liberal arts subjects being taught in renaissance humanism (all based on the classics)

grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, ethics, and history

Petrarch

father of Italian Renaissance humanism; in search of forgotten Latin manuscripts he ransacked monistatic libraries in Europe and he added a humanist emphasis to pure classic Latin

Cicero for…

Prose

Virgil for…

Poems

Humanists mostly lived in ______ but not in Florence; they believed it was the duty of an intellectual to live and active life for one’s _______

solitude; state

Leonardo Bruni

knew a lot about the Greeks and taught in Florence; Manuel Chrysobras’s pupil

How did the Renaissance effect upper class women?

they gained certain freedoms; many were educated; the luckiest were educated via the humanist beliefs

How did the Renaissance effect lower class women?

nothing really changed

Isotta Nogarola

mastered Latin; wrote treaties+letters

Cassandra Fedele

mastered Latin+Greek; known for her public recitations of orations

Laura Cereta

mastered Latin; defended women’s education

naturalism

representation based on the accurate depiction of detail

The Frescoes by Masaccio

first masterpiece of the renaissance

Major artistic developments of the renaissance

1. laws of perspective
2. movement +anatomical structure

Fillippo Brunelleschi

San Lorenzo (Florence); inspired by Roman architecture, very different from the gothic style everyone was used to at the time

Leonardo da Vinci

high renaissance artist; realism, he was so dedicated to making his art real he even dissected human bodies

Raphael

madonnas (perfect people), obsessed with the “golden mean” (the greek standard of beauty, centered around balance

Michelangelo

painter, sculpture, architect; most famous for the sistine chapel

art-guilds

artists got money (commissions) from patrons (buyers/sponsers)

Since the rich patrons bought art, they controlled

the content and the purpose of the art, because they controlled what the artist painted, sculpted, etc. If they did not like it they could refuse to pay/give them and their guild a bad reputation

In the high renaissance the artists began…

expressing themselves instead of what their patrons ask for

in the high renaissance artist were thought of as…

heroes

Michelangelo’s nickname

“Il Divino” or “the divine one”

The reestablished or “New Monarchies” in the Renaissance

France, Spain, and England

The 5 Italian States

1. duchy of Milan
2. Republic of Florence
3. republic of venice
4. papal states
5. Kingdom of Naples

Duchy of Milan

dukes, territorial+centralized; organized taxes

republic of florence

(Cosimo de medici) medici family

republic of venice

maritime; oligarchy between the merchants and aristocrats, very wealthy

papal states

pope/relgious

1494

Italy becomes Spain and Frances battle field which results in the Spanish occupation of Italy

Niccolo Machiavelli

Italian man who wrote “The Prince”

“The Prince”

wrote about the acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political power; a prince should not base their ruling on their morality alone

__ _______________ allowed for Frances monarchy to return

the hundred years war

King Louis XI (11th)

developed the french territorial state, taille taxation, and was nicknamed “the spider”

taille taxation

annual direct property taxes

why would taille taxation benefit the people and the gov

the people know when to pay taxes and it is all done once every year (vs. whenever the ruler needed funs)

\
the gov had a stable source of income

War of Roses

British civil war; aristocrats fought over the monarchy till 1485 when Henry Tudor established a new dynasty

Henry VII (7th) aka Henry Tudor

\-strong monarchial gov

\-abolished noble private armies

\-won favor of the nobles+middle class by not overtaxing them

Spanish independent christian kingdoms worked to reconquest land in the _______________ Peninsula (Spain+Portugal)

Iberian

Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

\-married for politics (arranged)

\-unified Spain

\-Catholic Monarchs

\-royal council (supervisors)

\-reorganized military

what was different about the royal council under Isabella and Ferdinand

they were middle class lawyers educated in Roman law

the Holy Roman Empire failed to establish a ________

monarchy

German emperors failed to establish a monarchy which resulted in….

100’s of independent states

1438 the ______ dynasty holds the positions of the Holy Roman Emperor

Habsburg

The Habsburg family help most of the _____ river valley (Austria) and had a lot of wealth and power in Europe

Danube

Poland established the right to… resulting in…

elect kings, less monarchal power

Eastern Europe struggled with 2 religions and _______ invasion.

Roman Catholic Church (RCC) vs. Eastern Orthodox Church (EOC)

\
Mongol invasions

Russia was under _____ rule

Mongol

the princes of Moscow used their close relationship with the Mongol Khans (cheifs/rulers) to gain…

wealth and land

Prince Ivan III

stopped paying taxes to the mongols, when they said they would make him pay and didn’t show up he freed his land and eventually annexed the other Russian principalities; by 1480 Russia was free from Mongol rule

Northern Renaissance Art

\-detailed

\-brighter colors

\-obsession with death

\-interior background (inside)

\-less fleshy

\-middle/lower class life

\-portraits

sir thomas more-utopia

socio-political satire

Erasmus

humanist scholar, first editor of the New Testament

Pico della Mirandola, *Oration on the Dignity of Man*

work of public discourse (influence)

Scientific Method

Made by Galileo, organized by Francis Bacon

“Universal person” *L’uomo Universale*

a well rounded person

Vernacular language

everyday language

Baldassare Castiglione, *The Book of the Courtier*

a perfect courtier

Johannes Gutenberg

moveable type printing press

Masaccio-*Tribute Money*

Filippo Brunelleschi-the *Duomo*

Leonardo da Vinci-*The Last Supper*

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Leonardo da Vinci-*Mona Lisa*

Raphael-School of Athens (in the Vatican Palace)

Michelangelo-David

Michelangelo-Pieta

Michelangelo-Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo-design for St. Peters Basilica (Neoplatonism)

Jan van Eyck-The Arnolfini Portrait (Northern Ren.)

Albrecht Durer-The Apocalypse

Hans Holbein-The Ambassadors

Hans Holbein-Henery VIII

The Medici Family

Wealthy bankers, came into power and even married into papal+royal families