Air and Water (OCR)

Solids

"have a set shape and cannot flow because their particles cannot move from one location to another. They also cannot be compressed since their particles are close together and have no area to go into."

Liquids

"Flow and take the shape of their container because their particles may move around each other. They cannot be compressed because their particles are close together and have no place to move into."

Gases: "can be compressed because their particles are far apart and have an area to go into

"Can be compressed because their particles are far apart and have an area to go into, allowing them to flow and fill their container."

Particle Model

"A model used to describe the arrangement mobility, and energy of particles within substances, explaining their physical properties."

Sublimation

"The process where a substance transitions directly from a solid to a gas phase without passing through the liquid phase."

Complete Combustion

"A type of combustion where a hydrocarbon fuel burns in the presence of adequate oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water."

Incomplete Combustion

"A type of combustion where a hydrocarbon fuel burns in insufficient oxygen, producing carbon monoxide, carbon (soot), and water."

Soot

"Fine black particles of carbon produced from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, visible in smoky flames."

Carbon Monoxide

"A toxic gas produced from incomplete combustion, which binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, reducing oxygen transport."

Acid Rain

"Rainfall containing acidic compounds like sulfuric and nitric acids, formed by the dissolution of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in water."

Oxides of Nitrogen

"Compounds formed in high-temperature combustion processes involving nitrogen and oxygen, contributing to air pollution and acid rain."

Sulfur Dioxide

"A gas produced by the combustion of sulfur-containing fuels, which contributes to air pollution and forms sulfuric acid in the atmosphere."

Nitrogen Dioxide

"A reddish-brown gas formed by the oxidation of nitrogen monoxide, contributing to air pollution and respiratory problems."

Complete Propane Combustion Equation

"C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O"

Incomplete Propane Combustion Equation

"C3H8 + 3O2 -> 2CO + C + 4H2O"

Photosynthesis

"The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct."

Catalytic Converter

"A device in vehicle exhaust systems that converts harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides into less harmful substances."

Greenhouse Effect

"The process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere."

Hydrocarbon Fuels

"Compounds consisting exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms, which are major sources of energy through combustion."

Exothermic Reaction

"A chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat or light to the surroundings."

Endothermic Reaction

"A chemical reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings, resulting in a temperature decrease."

Activation Energy

"The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction."

Reaction Profile

"A graph that shows the energy changes during the course of a reaction, including the activation energy."

Chemical Cells

"Devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy through chemical reactions, such as batteries."

Fuel Cells

"Devices that generate electricity through a chemical reaction between a fuel (e.g. hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (e.g., oxygen)."

Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell

"A type of fuel cell that produces electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water."

Greenhouse Effect

"The process by which certain gases trap heat from the sun in the Earth's atmosphere, causing a warming effect."

Climate Change

"Long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions, often influenced by human activities."

Greenhouse Gases

"Gases in the Earth's atmosphere

Carbon Dioxide Concentration

"The amount of carbon dioxide present in the Earth's atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane, that contribute to the greenhouse effect."

Desalination

"The process of removing salt from seawater to produce fresh water suitable for human consumption."

Water Purification

"The process of removing contaminants from water to make it safe for drinking or other purposes."

Chlorination

"The process of adding chlorine to water to disinfect it by killing bacteria and other microorganisms."

Wastewater Treatment

"The process of removing contaminants from wastewater to make it safe to return to the environment or reuse."

Global Warming

"The observed increase in the Earth's average temperature due to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases."

Distillation

"A method of separating components of a liquid mixture based on differences in boiling points."

Hydrocarbon

"A compound consisting solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms, often used as fuels."

Surface Water Treatment

"The purification process applied to water from rivers, lakes, and other surface sources for drinking purposes."

Groundwater Treatment

"The treatment of underground water sources to remove impurities before use as drinking water."