Anatomy - Unit 2 Concepts 1-2: Support and Motion

trabeculae

tiny bone struts that are key for helping the bone to resist stress; also where bone marrow is

hematapoesis

blood cell formation

cartilage

flexible connective tissue

ligament

short bonds of tough, yet flexible connective tissue

tendon

cords of dense connective tissue

joint

junctions between 2 or more bones and included all components to aid in movement and flexiblity of the body

invertebral discs

act as cushioning pads to absorb shock and protect against tension or torsion

sesamoid bones

special type of short bone

osteon

the basic structural unit; long cylinders that act as tiny weight-bearing pillars in the bone

lamellae

a group of hollow tubes

central canal

runs through the middle of each osteon and contains small blood vessels for nourishment and nerve fibers for signaling

lacunae

gaps between the lamellae

osteocyte

release chemical signals to tell osteoclasts to go to the damage

osteoblast

come in and build new bone before they undergo apoptosis

osteoclast

release enzymes there that allow them to digest the calcium phosphate, putting the calcium and phosphate back into the blood

ossification

process of bone tissue formation

fracture

break

living organ

Bone is a rigid but ___ made up of all 4 types of tissues!

connective tissue

the majority is osseous tissue but cartilage and dense connective tissue cover the bone's external surface

osseous tissue

bone tissue

nervous tissue

in its nerves

epithelial tissue

in its blood vessels, which provide nourishment

muscle tissue

skeletal muscle tissue

tendons

Connect muscle to bone

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation, hormone production

functions of the skeletal system

support

framework holding up the entire body

protection

guards the body's most vital organs, like the skull protecting the brain and rib cage protecting the heart

movement

skeletal muscles are connected to bones via tendons and use bones as levers at joints to produce movements

pull

muscles can only _____

storage

stores minerals like calcium and phosphate, which can be released into the blood when needed

yellow bone marrow

stores energy in the form of fat in the ________________

blood cell formation

in red bone marrow of certain bones

hormone production

critical for helping maintain homeostasis

osteocalcin

secreted by bones helps to regulate insulin secretion, glucose levels, and energy usage

blood calcium

hormone production helps to regulate ____________ levels

location; shape

bones are classified by their ______ and ______

location

in the axial vs. appendiuclar skeleton

function

a bone's shape dictates its __________

long, short, flat, irregular

4 types of bones

long bones

longer than they are wide

shaft; wider

long bones tend to have a long _______ with either end being a bit ______

limbs

long bones are mostly in the ________

levers; movement

long bones act as ______ to aid in _______

arm bones, hand bones, leg bones, foot bones

examples of long bones

short bones

more cubes shaped

wide; long

short bones tend to be as _______ as they are _______

support; stability

short bones provide ____________ and ______ with little movement

wrists and ankles

examples of short bones

cubed

sesamoid bones are not as ________ shaped as short bones (more like a sesame seed)

tendons

short bones are embedded with ______ to create a strong joint

knee cap

example of a sesamoid bone

flat

thin and flat bones

curve

flat bones often have a bit of a _______

surface area; muscles

flat bones have a large ____________ for attaching to __________

sternum, shoulder blades, ribs, most of the cranial bones in the skull

examples of flat bones

irregular bones

everything else

highly specialized

irregular bones have a _____________ shape and structure

hip bones, vertebrae, clavicles

examples of irregular bones

compact; outside; spongy; inside

a dense and smooth layer of _________ (cortical) bone tissue on the ___________ surrounding the more porous _______ bone tissue on the ________

haversion canal

runs through the middle of each osteon and contains small blood vessels for nourishment and nerve fibers for signaling

central canal

another name for haversion canal

salts; collagen fibers; torsion stress

lamella are filled with tiny _____ and _______ that allow the bone to resist _____________

Made of osteons which containt lamellae that surround the haversion canal

structure of compact bone

osteon

orange bracket

lamella

blue arrow

Haversion (central) canal

red arrow

less organized, no osteons, have trabeculae

strucutre of spongy bone

trabeculae

where is bone marrow found

blood cells; stores energy

red bone marrow makes __________, yellow bone marrow _________________ in the form of fat

lightweight

spongy bone is small but __________

bone markings

the external surface of a bone is rarely smooth, and often has distinct ______________

muscles; ligaments; together

bone markings correspond to how the bone and its attached ________ and _________ work __________

projections, surfaces, depressions and openings

3 types of bone markings

projections

where muscle and ligaments attach

cheekbones

ex of projections

surfaces

that form joints

depressions and openings

allow blood vessels and nerves to run through

sinuses, eye sockets, nasal cavity

examples of depressions and openings

osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

3 types of bone cells

housed

osteocytes are _______ in the lacunae

calcium

osteoblasts make sure that ______ is distributed

breakdown; rebuild

osteoclasts ______ a fracture to then _________

osteogenesis

Another name for ossification

forming your skeleton

ossification is key for __________

bone growth

ossification is essential for _____ from childhood up until early adulthood

bone modeling and repair

later in life ossification is used for ___________

intramembranous and endochondral

2 types of ossification

intramembranous ossification

bone develops from a fiborous membrane

membranous bone

what kind of bone develops from intramembranous ossification

clavicle and skull bones

examples of membranous bone

endochondral ossification

bone develops by replacing cartilage

endochondral bone

what kind of bone develops from endochondral ossification

all other bones (not clavicle and skull)

example of endochondral bone

articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates

cartilage remains in 2 places - the __________ on the ends of bones and the _________ which is where bone growth comes from as bones elongate

when a bone is bruised and old

when does bone remodeling occur

when a bone is fractured

when does bone repair occur

remodeled

bone is constantly being ______

the calcium in our bones would crystallize and make the bones more brittle

why is it important for our bones to keep remodeling

resorption

putting calcium and phosphate back into the blood

osteocytes; signals; osteoclasts; enzymes; blood; macrophages; remodeling; osteoblasts; apoptosis

BONE REMODELING PROCESS

__________ release chemical ______ to tell the osteoclasts to go to the damage. _________ release ______ there that allow them to digest the calcium phosphate, putting the calcium and phosphate back into the ______. __________ promote bone tissue __________. __________ come in and build new bone tissue before undergoing ________