Midterms history

bureaucracy

bureaucracy

a group of departments and officials that make up an organization

John marchall

fourth cheif justice of the U.S

Judical reveiw

power of supreme court to decide weather acts of president

Marbury vs. madison

1803 supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review

Louisiana Purchase

Purchace from france by the U.S of the territory between Mississippi river and Rock Mts.

Barbary War

War between barbary states and U.S

Impressment

policy of seizing people

embargo

official ban or restriction on trade

Administration

Staff of the executive branch

Precedents-

An act of statement that becomes an example

Cabinet-

Group of African American leaders who served as unofficial leaders to Roosevelt

Tariffs-

Tax on imports or exports

Loose Construction

A belief that the government has any power not forbidden by the constitution

Strict Construction -

The government is limited to powers clearly stated in the Constitution.

Whiskey Rebellion

Uprising in Pennsylvania that opposed the federal excise tax on whiskey

Political Parties

Groups who seek the influence of the government by winning elections

Democratic-Republicans -

Led by Jerfforsn &Maddison one of the first of the U.S..

Little Turtle

Was an American Indian leader of the Indian people. Won several victories against U.S. troops in 1790 and 1791. Little Turtle won against a small force sent by Washington to stop attacks against settlers. Later in 1791 Little Turtle took out a larger American force.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

battle in which troops defeated the Miami Confederacy of American Indians.

French Revolution

Against the French monarchy that began in 1789

John Jay -

John Jay chief justice negotiated with the British to give up their American forts. America repaid its debt to the British. That was called the John Jay Treaty in 1794.

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic controversy in 1798 in which French officials demanded bribes from American negotiators.

Alien and Sedition Act

• Laws that allowed the government to imprison or deport non-citizen migrants and prosecute those who criticized the government.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

State resolutions passed in 1798 declaring Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional

Aaron Burr-

Jefferson and Burr were running mates. The voters meant for Jefferson to become president and Burr to become vice. Since the constitution did not allow distinctions between votes the House representatives had to decide between two. In 1804 the constitution required for electors to vote separately for vice and president. Burr later was offended by Hamilton and killed him in a duel.

Ratification

An official approval; "Official approval of an entire new constitution was doomed if 13 states had to approve it as the articles required. To improve ratification the delegates chose to change the rules."

Federalists

One who favored ratification of the constitution. They supported a strong idea of the central government.

The Federalist

A series of 85 essays that explained and defended the constitution. These were written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay

Antifederalists

One who opposed of the ratification of the constitution

John Jay

John Jay advocated for the ratification of the Constitution. He wrote five of the essays included in the Federalist. "The essays argued that separation of powers in three branches of govt would prevent concentration of power (Google Slide)."

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments of the constitution. They protect freedoms guaranteed to citizens by the govt.

Popular sovereignty

People in control of all political power.

Limited government

Government only has powers granted by the people through the constitution

Separation of powers-

Division of the government into groups to limit its power.

Checks and balances-

Each branch of government can limit actions of other branches to protect against abuse of power.

Electoral college

"Group of electors from each state ,with each elector receiving one vote in presidential elections, was based on popular vote."

Alexander Halmilton

Fought in American revolution and served with George Washington. Became first secretary of the treasury of the U.S

James Madison

Became father of the Consitution, became fourth president

Virginia Plan

Proposal for a biacamercal legislature with a reprensation based on population

New Jersey Plan

Proposal for a unicameral legislatire with each state haivng one vote

Great Compermise

Compromise between New Jersy and Virginia plan Each state would have equal repensantation in the senate based on population in the house of representatives.

federalism

division of power amoung federal and state governments

Three-Fifths Compromise

each enslaved person would be counted as three fifths of a person for the purpose of legislative representation

Nationalism

belief that all ppl in a nation are distinct group; loyalty and devotion to ones nation

henry clay

American politician who was elected to the house U.S of reps

American system

clays federal program,simulate the economy w internal improvements and to create self-sufficient nation

John quincy adams

6th president of the United states fought for the aboliton of slavery and the improvement of arts and sciences

Adams-Onis treaty

1819 treaty which Spain ceded Florida to the U.S

Monroe Doctrine

foreign policy set fourth by president Monroe; discouraged European intervention in western Hemisphere

Missouri Compromise

Slavery was legal and Maine as a free state, banning slavery in louisianna purchase north of 30 degrees 30 N Latituse

tariff of 1816

a protective tariff established by congress to encourage americans to buy goods made in the U.S

Nativist

a person who favors native born inhaibitants over immigrants

Caucus

a closed meeting of party members for the purpose of choosing a candidate

Jackson Democracy

him and his follower's political philosophy concerned with the instrest of the common people and limiting the role of the federal govt

Jackson

American military offficer before serving in the U.S House of Representatives

Van Buren Martin

8th president of United States

Spoils system

practice of political party in power giving jobs and appointments to its supporters rather than to people based on their qualifications

Indian Revmoval act

passed by congress in 1830 that allowed the federal government to negotiate land exchanges with the American Indians in the southeast

Trail of Tears

a forced march of the Cherokee Indians to move west of the Mississippi in the 1830s

Tariff of Abominations

1828 protective traffic named by its southern opponets

John C. Calhoun

Major American political who server as a U.s Vice president

Nullification

Theory that states could nullify or void, any federal law they defined unconstitutional

Whigs

Members of the nationalist political party formed in 1832 in opposition to the dems

Stephen F Austin

Found key American settlements in Texas when territory was still part of Mexico

Antonio Lopez de santa anna

Mexican army officer and politician who played major roles in political and military conflicts

Autonomy

independent control over owns affairs

Lone star republic

the nation formed in 1835 by Texas who declared independence from Mexico

Alamo

Mission in san antonio that was site of the 1836 defeat and slaugter of Texans by mexican troops

Sam Houston

Only American to serve as the of two different states/tennesse and Texas

Polk,James K

Lawyer and politician who served as 2 president of U.S

Taylor Zachary

Became a hero for his command of u.S forces in the Mexican-American war

Winfield

Army officer who was one of the most influential American military figures- was also commanding general of the U.S.S

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War

Gadsden Purchase

1853 purchase of land from Mexico

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed but rejected 1846 bill that would have been banned slavery in the territory won from Mexico in the Mexican War

California Gold Rush

The mass migration to California after the discovery of gold in 1848

Forty-niner

A miner who went to california after the discovery of gold in the 1848

Placer mining

the use of metal pans, picks,and shovels to harvest gold from the banks and beds of rivers

Hydraulic mining

the use of water to erode grave hills into long sluices to catch gold

Jefferson Davis

Southern planter who became the president of confederate state of america

John C. Breckinridge

Was a Kentucky lawyer who served as the 14th vice president of the U.S under president James Buchanan

Confederate states of America

the gov of 11 southern states that succeded from the U.S and fought against the Union in the Civil War

Crittenden Compromise

1861 proposed a constitutional amendment to prevent secession of the souther states by allowing slavery in all territories south of the Missouri compromise line

Fort Sumter

federal fort located in charleston, South Carolina where first shots of the civil war were fired

Blockade

military tactic in which navy prevents vessels from entering or leaving its enemies ports

Robert E.Lee

Virginia military general who became commander of the confederate forces during civil war

Anaconda plan

Northern civil war strat to starve the south by blockading seaports and controlling the Mississippi River

Jackson Stonewall

One of the most renowed confederate generals of the civil war accidentally shot by his own men

McClellan George B

Penn soldier who attended the U.S Military Academy at west point served in Mexican War

Ulysses Grant

Union general who later became the 18th president of the U.S from 1869-1877 He won victory along the Mississipi river

Shiloh

Civil war battle in southwestern Tennessee where unnion won a victory 25,000 troops killed

Scalaway

Negative term for white southern who was locked out of pre civics

Carpetbagger

negative term for northerners who moved to the south after civil war

Segregation

segregation by unwritten custom of tradition

horizontal integration

system of consolidating many firms in the same business

sharecropping

a farmer tends to a portion of planters land in return for a share of the crop

share tenacy

farmer chooses what crop to plant and buys the supplies

tenant farming

farmer paid rent to a land owner for use of the land

KKK

promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic, and religious groups

W.E.B

American educator, reformer, and champion of civil rights