Metabolic reactions

Metabolism

The sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in cells → catabolic + anabolic

Metabolic pathway

A series of steps involved in metabolism

Anabolism

Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules, needs energy input

Catabolism

The breakdown of large molecules to smaller ones, releasing energy

Hydrolysis

Catabolic Water + reactant molecules → breaking the bond between molecules

Condensation

Anabolic Combining molecules to form a large product → water is generated as product

Phosphorylation

Addition of a phosphate group

Dephosphorylation

Removal of a phosphate group (P)

Oxidation

Refers to loss of electrons from an atom or molecule

Reduction

Refers to addition of electrons by an atom or molecule

Hydrolysis Example

Sucrose + H2O → Glucose + Fructose

Condensation Example

Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose + H2O

Phosphorylation Example

ADP + Pi → ATP + H2O

Dephosphorylation Example

ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi

Oxidation Example

NAD⁺ → NADH

Reduction Example

CuO + H₂ → Cu + H₂O