ap huge unit 4 review - heimler

State

a country that is organized and governed by its own leaders.

Nation

group of people who feel a sense of belonging to each other because of shared traits like culture or heritage → may not have thier own government or territory

Nation-state

the boundaries of the state (the political entity with a government and defined territory) align with the nation (the group of people with a common identity, like culture, language, or ethnicity).

a country where most people share the same culture or identity.

Nationalism

a feeling of pride and loyalty to one’s own nation or country. It often involves the belief that people who share the same culture, language, or history should

when people love and support their country and believe it should be strong and united.

Autonomous region

a special area within a country that has some independence to make its own rules but is still part of the country.

a country that has its own government and decision-making power to manage certain affairs, but it is still officially part of the larger country.

Semi-autonomous region

a part of a country that has some level of self-government and control over certain local matters, but not as much as a fully autonomous region.

limited independence to make decisions for itself but still has to follow the rules of the main government

Stateless nation

a group of people who share a common culture, language, or history, but do not have their own independent country or state.

Multinational state

a country that contains two or more nations (distinct cultural, ethnic, or linguistic groups) living within its borders. These nations may have their own unique identities but are governed by a single central government.

a country made up of different cultural or ethnic groups that live together under one government.

Multi-state nation

a group of people who share a common culture, ethnicity, or language, but live in multiple different countries or states.

a group of people with the same identity who live in more than one country.

Sovereignty

when a country has the right to rule and make choices for itself, without interference from others.

the authority of a state or country to govern itself and make its own decisions without being controlled by other countries.

Self-determination

the right of a people or nation to decide their own political status and govern themselves, without being controlled by outside forces.

when a group of people has the right to choose their own path, whether that’s becoming an independent country or joining another state.

Effective sovereignty

when a country can actually control what happens within its borders, rather than just having the formal right to rule over them → practical ability to govern effectively

Colonialism

a powerful country takes control of a weaker country or region, settles its people there, and exploits its resources, land, and people for its own benefit.

Imperialism

a powerful country extends its control over weaker countries or regions, either through political, economic, or military means, to gain power, resources, or influence.

ex: colonialism

Authoritarian government

one leader or a small group holds all the power, controls the country strictly, and does not allow political opposition, free elections, or basic freedoms like speech and protest.

Independence movement

when a group of people in a region or country work to break away and form their own separate country.

when people want to leave one country and start their own because they feel different or want more control over their own lives.

Democracy

a type of government where people have the power to make decisions, usually by voting for their leaders and laws.

the people are in charge, and everyone has a say.

Republic

type of government where people choose their leaders by voting, and those leaders make decisions and laws for the country.

Devolution

a central government gives more power or control to local or regional governments.

Territoriality

the way people or groups try to control space or land and show ownership over it.

Neocolonialism

a powerful country influences or controls a weaker country through money, business, or politics—not through direct rule like in old colonial times.

a rich country still controlling a poorer one by using money and power instead of soldiers.

Neocolonialism

a powerful country controls a weaker country indirectly, using money, trade, or influence, instead of taking it over with force like in old-fashioned colonialism.

Choke point

a narrow passage, like a strait or canal, where trade or military ships must pass through, and it's easy to block or control.

Boundary

invisible line that shows where one place, country, or region ends and another begins.

Delimitation

process of drawing boundaries or lines to define the limits of something, like a country, district, or voting area.

a government decides where one state ends and another begins

Demarcation

physically marking or setting boundaries on the ground, like putting up fences or signs to show where something starts and ends.

Administration

process of managing and organizing things, such as a government, business, or organization.

Borderland

area around or near a border between two places, like countries or regions.

Frontier

area at the edge of a settled or developed region, often a place where new land is being explored or settled.

Irredentism

when a country wants to take back land that it believes belongs to it because of history, culture, or ethnic groups living there.

Enclave

a territory or area that is completely surrounded by another country or region.

Exclave

a part of a country that is separated from the main part of the country and is located in another country or area.

Antecedent boundary

a boundary that was established before an area was heavily populated or developed.

Consequent boundary

a boundary that is created based on the cultural, ethnic, or social differences between groups of people in an area.

Subsequent boundary

a boundary that is created after a region has been settled or developed, often as a result of conflict or negotiation between different groups.

Superimposed boundary

a boundary that is forced upon a region by an outside power, often without regard for the local ethnic, cultural, or social divisions.

Relic boundary

a boundary that no longer functions but remains in the landscape as a reminder of the past.

Geometric boundary

a boundary that is drawn using straight lines or geometric shapes, rather than following natural features like rivers or mountains.

Demilitarized zone

an area where military forces are not allowed to operate or enter, usually to reduce the chance of conflict.

Satellite state

a country that is controlled or influenced by a more powerful neighboring country, often politically or militarily.

International sanctions

penalties or restrictions imposed by one or more countries on another country to force it to follow certain rules or change its behavior.

International agreements

deals or treaties between countries where they agree to follow certain rules, cooperate on issues, or resolve conflicts.

Territorial Sea

the area of ocean that is under the control of a country, usually extending up to 12 miles from its coast.

Contiguous Zone

area of water next to a country where the country can make sure people follow certain laws.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

area up to 200 miles from a country's coast where it has special rights to explore, use, and manage the sea's resources like fish, oil, and gas.

International waters (High Seas)

areas of the ocean that are not owned by any one country and are open to all countries for navigation and use.

UNCLOS - United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

international agreement that sets the rules for how countries use and manage the world's oceans, including things like fishing rights, shipping routes, and underwater resources.

Voting district

a specific area or region where people go to vote in elections. It is set up to make sure that elections are organized and fair by dividing large areas into smaller, manageable sections for voting purposes.

Electoral College

a group of people chosen to vote for the president and vice president of the United States. Instead of citizens voting directly for these leaders, they vote for electors who then cast their votes to choose the president.

Reapportionment

process of changing the number of representatives each state has in the U.S. House of Representatives. This happens every 10 years based on the results of the census, which counts how many people live in each state.

Redistricting

process of drawing new boundaries for voting districts. This happens after reapportionment, to make sure each district has roughly the same number of people.

Gerrymandering

the practice of drawing electoral district boundaries in a way that favors a particular political party or group, giving them an unfair advantage in elections.

Packing

a gerrymandering tactic where many voters from one political party are placed into a single electoral district to reduce their influence in other districts.

Cracking

a gerrymandering tactic where voters from one political party are spread out across many districts to prevent them from winning in any of those districts.

Unitary state

a country where the central government holds most or all of the power, and any regional or local governments only have authority granted by the central government.

Subnational units

regions or divisions within a country, like states, provinces, or territories, that have some level of local government and responsibility. However, they still follow the rules and laws set by the national government.

Federal state

a country where the power is divided between a central government and smaller regional governments, like states or provinces.

Ethnic cleansing

practice of forcibly removing or killing people from a certain ethnic group or religion in order to create a homogenous population in a specific area.

Ethnic separatism

when a specific ethnic group wants to form its own independent country or separate from the larger nation it is currently part of. This often happens because the group feels different or disconnected from the rest of the population.

Terrorism

use of violence, threats, or intimidation, often against civilians, to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals. It typically aims to create fear and draw attention to a cause.

International terrorism

acts of violence or threats carried out by groups or individuals across national borders, usually to influence or harm foreign governments or populations. These acts are often politically or ideologically motivated.

Domestic terrorism

acts of violence or intimidation that are carried out by individuals or groups within a country, aiming to cause fear, harm, or disrupt the nation's government or society. → typically politically motivated

State terrorism

use of violence or intimidation by a government against its own citizens or others, often to control or suppress political opposition or to maintain power.

Subnational terrorism

violent acts carried out by groups or individuals within a country, usually aiming to achieve political, religious, or social goals. These groups often do not represent the government and act independently, sometimes targeting their own country's people or institutions.

Supranational organization

a group of countries that come together to make decisions and take actions that go beyond their individual national interests. These countries agree to follow common rules and work together on issues that affect all of them.

United Nations

an international organization created to help countries work together to solve global problems, promote peace, and improve living conditions around the world.

European Union

a group of 27 European countries that work together to create a single market, making it easier to trade, travel, and live in each other’s countries. cooperates on issues like laws, human rights, and environmental protection.

African Union

an organization made up of 55 African countries. It works to promote unity, peace, and development across the continent. The AU focuses on issues like human rights, economic cooperation, and conflict resolution.

Arctic Council

international organization that brings together eight Arctic countries to discuss and address issues affecting the Arctic region. Its main focus is on environmental protection, sustainable development, and cooperation between countries that have territory in the Arctic.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

a military alliance made up of 30 countries from North America and Europe. It was formed in 1949 to provide collective defense—meaning if one country is attacked, the other member countries will come to its defense.

a group of countries that promise to protect each other if any of them are attacked.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

a group of 10 countries in Southeast Asia that work together to promote economic growth, peace, and stability in the region.

Economies of scale

a company reduces its costs by making more of something. As production increases, the cost per item goes down because the company can spread out its costs over more products.

Paris Agreement

international treaty aimed at fighting climate change by slowing down global warming

Failed state

a country that is unable to maintain control over its territory, provide basic services to its citizens, or uphold the rule of law.

a country that can’t function properly or take care of its people.

Ethnonationalism

belief that a particular ethnic group should have its own nation or state.

when an ethnic group wants its own country based on its shared culture.

Cultural cohesion

when people in a group feel connected and work well together because they have similar cultural beliefs.