Summer - Nomenclature & Solubility

What are the diatomic elements?

BrINClHOF

• Bromine

• Iodine

• Nitrogen

• Chlorine

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Fluorine

(always have subscript of 2! ex) Br₂)

What is ammonia?

• NH₃

• a weak base

What are the carbon 1 to 10 alkanes?

• methane (CH₄)

• ethane (C₂H₆)

• propane (C₃H₈)

• butane (C₄H₁₀)

• pentane (C₅H₁₂)

• hexane (C₆H₁₄)

• heptane (C₇H₁₆)

• octane (C₈H₁₈)

• nonane (C₉H₂₀)

• decane (C₁₀H₂₂)

_{^{C is just 1-10, H is C’s # x2 then +2 // C adds 1 while H adds 2 when going to the next one}}

What are the strong acids?

• hydrobromic acid (HBr)

• hydroiodic acid (HI)

• hydrochloric acid (HCl)

• nitric acid (HNO₃)

• perchloric acid (HClO₄)

• sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)

_{^{all start with H}}

^{_{1st 3 hydro then Brickle (BrICl), last 3 Ni-perchloric-sulfur (Nitrate, Perchlorate, Sulfate (but} H_{2 to cancel the ion))}}

What are the strong bases?

• barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)₂)

• calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂)

• strontium hydroxide (Sr(OH)₂)

• potassium hydroxide (KOH)

• lithium hydroxide (LiOH)

• sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

_{^{Baka Sr. Klina (BaCa Sr KLiNa), Baka Sr. has double OH}}

_{^{all end in ‘OH’ (hydroxide)}}

Solubility rules for ions

⭐Always soluble _^(PerNiA)

• Nitrate (NO₃^-)

• Perchlorate (ClO₄^-)

• Ammonium (NH₄⁺)

• Sodium (Na⁺)

• Potassium (K⁺) _{^{(also Group 1 elements (alkali metals))}}

✅Soluble BUT _{^{(Clisu - Clisu but silver/mercury/lead, su also but CaBaSr)}}

• Chlorine (Cl^-)

  • except Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺ (slightly soluble)

• Iodine (I^-)

  • except Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺

• Sulfate (SO₄^2-)

  • except Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ag⁺

❌Insoluble BUT _{^{(CarboPhoSOH - CarboPhoS but Group 1A/ammonium, S also but 2A, OH Group 1A & CaBaSr)}}

• Carbonate (CO₃^2-)

  • except Group 1A and NH₄⁺

• Phosphate (PO₄^3-)

  • except Group 1A and NH₄⁺

• Sulfur (S^2-)

  • except Group 1A , 2A, and NH₄⁺

• Hydroxide (OH^-)

  • except Group 1A, Ca²⁺ (slightly soluble), Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺