Anatomy: Planes, Positions, and Body Regions

Vertical

up and down, north to south

Horizontal

side to side, east to west

S-O-F-T

sagittal, oblique, frontal, transverse

Sagittal plane

splitting the body into left and right

Mid-sagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left halves

Oblique plane

cutting through at an angle

Frontal plane (coronal plane)

a cross-section dividing the body into front and back half

Transverse plane

line that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections

Anterior or Ventral

nearer the front of the body

Posterior or Dorsal

nearer to the back of the body

Proximal

nearer to the point of origin or attachment

Distal

further from the point of origin or attachment

Medial

nearer to the median plane

Lateral

further from the median plane

Superior or cephalic

nearer to the top of the head

Inferior or caudal

nearere to the bottom of the feet

Superficial

towards the surface of an organ or the body

Deep

towards the center of an organ or the body

External

away from the center of an organ or cavity, towards the surface

Internal

closer to the center of an organ or cavity

Rostral

describe a portion with respect to the nose

Cranial

towards the head

Caudal

towards the tail or coccyx

Central

at or near the center or midpoint

Peripheral

away from the center or midpoint

Ipsilateral

same side

Contralateral

opposite side

Supine position

lying horizontally with the face and torso facing up (on your back)

Prone position

lying horizontally with the face and torso facing down (on your stomach)

Right lateral recumbent

lying on your right side with the left arm over

Left lateral recumbent

lying on your left side with the right arm over

Trendelenburg

feet elevated higher than the head

Fowler's position

sitting up

7 regions of the body

back region, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and perineum region, lower extremities, upper extremities, head and neck region

Back region includes

the vertebral column (cervical, theoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx), extrinsic and intrinsic back muscles

Cervical

neck

Thoracic

middle back

Lumbar

lower back

Sacrum

lowest part of the back sometimes infused

Extrinsic back muscles

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids, serratus posterior (superior and inferior)

Intrinsic back muscles

16 of them

Thorax region

Axillary, costal, deltoid, mammary, pectoral, scapular, sternal, and vertebral

Axillary

armpit

Costal

ribs

Deltoid

shoulder

Mammary

breasts

Pectoral

chest

Scapular

shoulder blade

Sternal

breastbone

Vertebral

backbone

Abdomen region

Abdominal, gluteal, inguinal, lumbar, pelvic, perineal, pubic, sacral

Abdominal

abdomen

Gluteal

buttocks

Inguinal

bend of hips

Pelvic

area between the hipbones

Perineal

area between the anus and the genitals

Pubic

genitals

Sacral

end of the vertebral column

Pelvis and Perineum region

Superior pelvic region, inferior pelvic region, perineum

Superior Pelvic region

lower part of the lumbar vertebrae, upper pelvic bones

Inferior Pelvic region

inferior pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx

Perineum

area between the anus and genitals

Lower extremities

Crural, femoral, patellar, plantar, popliteal, sural, tarsal

Crural

skin, front or lower leg

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

front of knee

Plantar

arch of the foot

Popliteal

back of the knee

Sural

calf, back of the lower leg

Tarsal

ankle

Upper extremities

Antebrachial, antcubital, brachial, carpel, cubital, digital, manual, palmer

Antebrachial

forearm

Antecubital

inner elbow

Brachial

upper arm

Caprel

wrist

Cubital

elbow

Digital

fingers/toes

Manual

hand

Palmer

palm

Head and neck region

Cephalic, cervical, cranial, frontal, nasal, occipital, oral, orbital/ocular, auricular

Cephalic

head

Frontal

forehead

Nasal

nose

Occipital

base of the skull

Oral

mouth

Oribital/ocular

eyes

Auricular

ears

Diagnostic Imaging Interpretation

ways to help study the human body and how the systems of the body work together.

ex. MRI, Substance ingestion

MRI (magnetic imagery)

revolutionized the abiltity to evaluate the cranium (brain causing) and the human brain inside

Substance ingestion (ingestion of radioactive isotopes)

allows the evaluation of the process of digestion and the movement of blood through circulatory system

Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

plain radiography, contrast imaging, subtraction angiography, magnetic imagery, ultrasound, nuclear medicine imaging, and computer topography

Plain radiography

X-rays from an x-ray tube (radiopaque vs. radiolucent)

Contrast imaging

filling a structure with a substance like barium sulfate or iodine to see how it moves through the structure

Subtraction angiography

using a radioactive isotope or gamma rays for visualization or detection

Ultrasound

using electromagnetic rays to bounce off structures for visualization - used during pregnancy to check fetus status

Nuclear medicine imaging

using radioactive isotopes or gamma rays

Computer Topography

CT scan

Mnemonic for Cranial Nerves (12 of them)

On Old Olympus Towering Top, A Finn And German Viewed A Hop

"On" - 1

Olfactory

"Old" - 2

Optic