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Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
Anabolism
Metabolic reactions that build small molecules into larger ones; requires energy.
Catabolism
Metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones; releases energy.
Dehydration synthesis
An anabolic process where smaller molecules are combined to form larger ones, producing water.
Hydrolysis
A catabolic process that decomposes carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids using water.
Enzymes
Biological catalysts that control rates of metabolic reactions.
Metabolic pathways
Series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to the formation of a product.
Rate-limiting enzyme
A regulatory enzyme that determines the rate of a metabolic pathway.
Energy
The capacity to change something or the ability to do work.
Cellular respiration
Process that transfers energy from glucose and makes it available for cellular use.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
The main energy-carrying molecule in cells.
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
Molecule formed when ATP loses a phosphate group; can be converted back to ATP.
Glycolysis
The first step in cellular respiration that breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid; yields 2 ATP.
Citric Acid Cycle
Aerobic pathway where Acetyl CoA is oxidized, producing ATP and electron carriers.
Electron transport chain
A series of enzyme complexes that generate ATP using high-energy electrons.
Fermentation
Process that converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid in the absence of oxygen.
Gene
Segment of DNA that contains the information for making a protein.
Genome
The complete set of genetic information in an organism.
Transcription
Process of copying DNA sequence into mRNA.
Translation
Process of synthesizing proteins from the mRNA template.
Ribosome
Cellular structure where protein synthesis occurs.
Mutations
Changes in the DNA sequence that may affect gene function.
DNA Repair
Correction of mismatched nucleotides by repair enzymes.
What is metabolism?
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
What is anabolism?
Metabolic reactions that build small molecules into larger ones, requiring energy.
What is catabolism?
Metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.
What is dehydration synthesis?
An anabolic process where smaller molecules combine to form larger ones, producing water.
What is hydrolysis?
A catabolic process that decomposes carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids using water.
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that control the rates of metabolic reactions.
What are metabolic pathways?
Series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to the formation of a product.
What is a rate-limiting enzyme?
A regulatory enzyme that determines the rate of a metabolic pathway.
What is cellular respiration?
The process that transfers energy from glucose and makes it available for cellular use.
What is ATP?
The main energy-carrying molecule in cells.
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