KIN 303 Lecture 10 - Body Image and Eating Disorders in Sport

Normative Discontent

Majority of children, adolescents, and adults in Western cultures reporting dissatisfaction with body shape, size, weight, or appearances

Most people report dissatisfaction with their body (normal)

Describe normative discontent in a simpler way

False

True or false: Athletes are immune to body image issues

Psychological, physical, social, and behavioural outcomes (such as PA)

Negative and positive body image is associated with...

Body image

A multidimensional construct that reflects a person's feelings, attitudes, self-perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, cognitions, and behaviours related to their body appearance and function

Multidimensional construct related to body appearance and function

Describe body image in a simple way

Affective, cognitive, perceptual, or behavioural

What are the 4 dimensions of body image?

Positive or negative

Affective, cognitive, perpetual, or behavioural dimensions can be...

Infer accurate perceptions, positive thoughts, and adaptive or healthy behvaoiurs

What impact can positive have?

Infer unfavourable perceptions, negative thoughts, and maladaptive or health-risk behaviours

What impact can negative have?

Affective dimension

Body related feelings and emotions (shame, anxiety, pride, and guilt)

Social physique anxiety, body-related shame, body related guilt, and body-related pride

What are 4 parts of the affective dimension that we cover?

Social physique anxiety

Anxiety a person experiences as a result of perceived or actual judgments from others

Body-related shame

A negative self-conscious emotion that arises when personal characteristics and attributes are perceived as undesirable and highly focused on the self

Body-related guilt

A negative self-conscious emotion that arises when failing to complete an action or behaviour or when engaging in an undesirable behaviour

Body-related pride

A positive self-conscious emotion that results from an individual feeling satisfied with their body-related behaviour or physical attributes and characteristics

Cognitive dimension

Assessed by measures asking levels of satisfaction or dissatisfaction

Perceptual dimension

Mental representation or reflections on body appearance and function

Perceptual disturbance

What is a part of the perceptual dimension?

Perceptual disturbance

Underestimation or overestimation of body size or weight

Behavioural dimension

Choices and actions based on perceptions, feelings and thoughts about body size, weights and function

Avoiding situations or events, wearing certain clothing, dieting, and steroid use

How is body image manifested in the behavioural dimension (aka what are some examples)?

Body image investment

Overall impact of body image on perceptions, emotions, cognitions, and behaviours

Beliefs/assumptions about importance, meaning, and influence of appearance

Body image investment impacts...

Evaluation and investment

Research on BI is directed to highlighting value of focusing on BI...

Body dissatisfaction

negative subjective evaluation of one's own body or physical appearance, encompassing dissatisfaction with specific body parts, overall shape, weight, or size, and discrepancies between one's perceived body and ideal body image

Sociocultural, psychological, and biological factors

What is body dissatisfaction influenced by?

Add

What does it mean what it says "consider a central component of body image disturbance"?

Body dysmorphia

Over-exaggerated and inaccurate perceptions of flawed body parts

Muscle dysmorphia

A chronic preoccupation with insufficient muscularity and muscle mass

Body dysmorphic disorder

A preoccupation with imagined appearance defects causing stress and daily functioning impairment

Body dysmorphia, muscle dysmorphia, body dysmorphic disorder, drive for thinness, and drive for muscularity

What are 5 examples of body image concerns and pathologies?

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, eating disorder not otherwise specified

What are 4 examples of clinical eating disorders?

Disordered eating and excessive exercise

What are two other things that are important to consider with body image concerns and pathologies?

Other mental health conditions (anxiety, depression, OCD< etc...)

Clinical eating disorders and disordered eating are often accompanied by...

Serious mental illnesses with high-mortality rates that can be long-standing and make a significant negative impact to the individuals QOL

Eating disorders are...

Preoccupation with food and body weight/shape that leads to behaviour such as starvation, fasting, binge eating, purging and excessive exercise

Eating disorders are characterized by...

Eating disorders

Characterized by preoccupation with food and body weight/shape that leads to behaviour such as starvation, fasting, binge eating, purging and excessive exercise

Pathogenic

What type of behaviour can eating disorders be considered?

The main focus in daily life

With eating disorders this pathogenic behaviour becomes...

Add

How many signs and symptoms of eating disorders should we know?

Impact nervous and cardiac systems, decrease BMD, loss of LBM, hormonal imbalance, skin conditions, and hair loss

What are some health consequences of eating disorders?

Physical and psychosocial implications

What are some performance consequences of eating disorders?

Psychological and social

What are other personal consequences of eating disorders?

More prevalent among athletes than non-athletes

What is the prevalence of disordered eating in sport?

True

True or false: Eating disorders and disordered eating exist in all gender groups

Adolescent and young adult athletes

The prevalence of disordered eating and eating disorders is high among...

Competing in weight sensitive sports

The prevalence of disordered eating and eating disorders is high among adolescent and young adult athletes, especially among athletes...

Aesthetic element, weight class, having low BM seen as advantageous

Reported prevalence rates are higher in sports:

College/university athlets

What are subcategory of athletes have higher prevalence rates?

Disordered eating and body dissatisfaction

Athletes in lean sports exhibit more...

Measurement/reporting and likely underestimated

What are some challenges with the data of prevalence in sport?

Gives an estimate of the number of athletes at risk

Why is prevalence still valuable?

Lack of longitudinal studies

What makes the identification of "definitive" risk factors difficult to determine?

Multifactorial

The development of eating disorders and disordered eating is considered...

Predisposing, trigger, and perpetuating

The development of eating disorders and disordered eating is considered multifactorial with what 3 main factors?

Predisposing factors

Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Trigger factors

Negative comments, traumatic expereinces

Perpetuating factors

Influence of others, physiological consequences

Sport-specific risk factors

What other type of factors should also be considered?

General, socio-cultural, psychological, and sport-specific

What are the 4 main categories of suggested risk factors?

Coach, support staff, doctor, parent, teammate, or athlte

Issues may be detected by...

Education, integrated support team approach, and it depends on the issue at hand

What are 3 main facets to treatment and prevention?

True

True or false: No specific widespread guidelines currently exist for the return to sport from eating disorders

Status of recovery, type of sport, potential for triggers, and what is a full recovery

What are some factors to consider with return to sport?

Tripartite influence model of body image, self presentation, social comparison theory, and self-discrepancy theory

What are the 4 theories we cover related to BI?

Sociocultural theories of BI

The 4 theories discussed are referred to as what type of theories?

Media, parents, and peers influence BI

What is the main focus of tripartite influence model of body image?

Idealized/attractive images can promote self criticism, platforms that support positive and negative BI, desire to post favourably may lead views to envy and shame

What are some roles the media can play in influencing BI?

Rejection, setting norms, modelling, encouraging certain behaviours, teasing

What are some roles parents can play in influencing BI?

Social disapproval/rejection, teasing, body related feedback, negative commentary

What are some roles peers can play in influencing BI?

Process that involves impression motivation and impression construction

What is the main focus in self presentation theory?

Impression motivation

Degree of motivation to control how one is perceived by others (strong desire to control how they are seen)

Desire to control how people see them

Describe impression motivation in your own words

Impression construction

Act of creating an image that one wished to convey to others along with the particular strategies one uses to create this impression

Acts of creating an image

Describe impression construction in your own words

Discourage, motivate

Self presentation can _________ from PA or _____ towards desired image

People need to evaluate abilities through comparison

What is the main focus in social comparison theory?

Comparing to others who are worse off

Describe downward social comparison

Short term boost in body satisfaction

What can downward social comparison do?

Comparing to others who are better off

Describe upward social comparison

Guilt, shame, negative/maladaptive behaviours

What can upward social comparison lead to?

Compare self to internalized standards called self guides

What is the main focus of self discrepancy theory?

Ideal self and ought self

What are the two self guides?

Reflects hopes and aspirations of what people want to be

Describe ideal self

Reflects what people think they should be

Describe ought self

Actual:ideal and actual:ought

What are the 2 types of discrepancies?

Body needed for performance is different than the one they desire

What is the appearance performance paradox?

Adolescence

When is the appearance performance paradox higher?

Creative supportive environments that limit judgments/evaluations/dispels body ideas, create appreciation of unique bodies, crease intervention strategies to manage appearance related social pressures, develop interventions that involve parents and peers promotion

What are some considerations for sport professionals?