HS RS EOY Revision

What is Islam?

submission to Allah

What does Allah mean?

'god' in Arabic

Who was Muhammad?

the last prophet

Define Hijra

Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina in 622

Define Kaaba

the ancient temple in Mecca; a symbol of Islam.

Define Quran

the final revelation from Allah, given to Muhammad via Angel Jibril. The holy book and main authority in Islam.

What is Hijra in English?

Journey

What is Kaaba in English?

'cube'

What is the Hadith?

collections of sayings and examples of Muhammad

Define Sunnah

sayings and examples

What is Sharia Law?

Islamic law, based on the Quran and Hadith.

Define Halal

Permitted according to Sharia Law

Define Haram

Prohibited according to Sharia Law

Define Jihad

Fight against evil

Define Ummah

Worldwide Muslim community

Define Shahadah

the Muslim profession of faith ('there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah')

Define Salah

Formal prayer

Define Wudu

symbolic washing before salah.

Define Imam

Person who leads prayers

Define Mosque

a building for salah and other worship.

Define Zakat

Compulsary charity

What is Zakat in English?

Cleanse

Define Sawm

Fasting during Ramadan

Define Ramadan

The month of fasting, the month when the Quran began to be revealed

Define Eid

Festival

When are the Eid festivals?

end of Ramadan, and end of Hajj

Define Hajj

Special pilgrimage to Mecca

What is the trinity (in Christianity)?

God is one being with three persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit

What is the Incarnation (Christianity)?

When God the Son became incarnate in Jesus.

Define incarnation

a person who embodies in the flesh a deity, spirit, or quality.

What is baptism?

the Christian religious rite of sprinkling water on to a person's forehead or of immersing them in water

Why do Catholics baptise babies?

Catholics baptise babies to cleanse them of original sin. They believe that baptism gives grace.

What is Believer's Baptism

Where people are baptised by choice

Define pilgrimage

a religious journey to a special religious place

Define worship

to have and show love and devotion to something of worth (usually a deity)

What is Catholic Mass?

Where the priest re-enacts the sacrifice of the cross and turns the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ, which is then consumed by the congregation.

Define priest

Minister of a religion who is allowed to perform certain rites and administer certain sacraments.

What is a Pentecostal service

Where worship is informal and charismatic/energetic, including emotional Christian pop music and preaching.

Define Divine Command Theory

Theory where morality should be based on what God has commanded.

What is the Euthyphro Dilemma?

Are rules commanded by God because they are good; or are they good because they are commanded by God?

Who invented utilitarianism?

Jeremy Bentham

Define utilitarianism

Type of consequentialism where the right thing to do is to maximise happiness as much as possible

Define utility monster

Criticism of utilitarianism: should lives be sacrificed for the happiness of a monster?

Define deontology

where some actions are always wrong; intentions matter more than consequences.

Define evil

something that causes suffering

Define moral evil

suffering that is caused intentionally

Define natural evil

suffering that is as result of the natural world

What is the inconsistent triad?

That the following cannot be true:

1) God is omnipotent
2) God is omnibenevolent
3) Evil exists

Which philosopher suggested the inconsistent triad?

John Mackie

Define omnipotent

All powerful

Define omnibenevolent

All good

What was Leibniz's solution to the inconsistent triad?

that we should believe that this is the best of all possible worlds, and that we cannot judge it as we are not omniscient.

What was Voltaire's solution to the inconsistent traid?

God doesn't exist

What book did Voltaire write mocking Leibniz's theodicy?

Candide

Define theodicy

defence of God against the accusation that he cannot exist due to evil.

What was Augustine's theodicy?

Augustine believed that all humans were created perfect and that they were given free will. However, humans use that free will to turn away from God and chose to sin.

What is the 'the fall' in Christianity?

The first sin, of Adam and Eve

What is the 'original sin'?

the weakness that we have all inherited due to the Fall; it is a weakness to be easily tempted to sin.

What is the devil in Christianity?

being/s who chose to hate God. They may cause some natural evil.

What is Grace in Christianity?

help, from God, to help us resist temptation; God gives it freely because he loves us.

What is heaven in Christianity?

eternity in the presence of God

What is hell in Christianity?

eternal suffering

What was Hick's theodicy?

Evil is a test from God to help us mature

What is Universalism (Hick's theodicy)?

The idea that everyone will get to heaven.

Who is Job in the Bible?

character who is made to suffer by satan, after satan makes a bet with God, saying that Job only loves God because his life is good; satan bets that as soon as Job's life starts to get bad, he will start to hate God. Satan loses the bet.

List the five pillars of Islam

Shahada, Salah, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj

What is Kant's deontology?

Set of rules based on the categorical imperative

What are Kant's rules in deciding rules?

All actions must be universalised, and it must not treat people as a means to an end.

What are some disadvantages to utilitarianism?

utilitarians don't value obviously good things like rights, freedom, virtue, equality, and the natural environment.

What are some advantages to utilitarianism?

encourages a collective focus on well-being and can advance compassionate policies that seek to benefit the majority

What are some advantages to deontology?

it makes sure of equality and human rights

What are some disadvantages to deontology?

it doesn't take consequences of one's judgement into account

What are some Christmas traditions?

Christmas trees
Exchanging presents
Etc.

What are some Easter traditions?

Attend Easter Vigil
Gift eggs
Etc.