Succession

what does the term succession means ?

A change in s habitat from bare rock to a climax community.

how does the primary succession goes. Draw a flow chart.

Bare rock → licken → mosses → grasses → shrubs ( baddlea ) → trees ( silver birch ) → mature oak woodland ( climax community ).

what prevent primary succession occurs ?

unless its interrupted or deflected eg : by grazing or mowing.

How does deflected succession occurs

It occurs by grazing or mowing to form a plagioclimax.

how does the primary succession goes. Draw a flow chart.

Grasses → shrubs → mature oak woodland

when does secondary succession occurs ?

Occurs after destruction of a habitat eg : by forest fire that had previously undergone succession therefore soil already exist, so clary stage of succession don’t need to occur.

Outline the process of primary succession part 1

Pioneer community → bare rock arrival seed or spores + Pioneer species have certain adaptation ( nitrogen fixation )

Intermediate community → Herb species ( grasses ) + followed by shrubs

Outline the process of primary succession part 2

Climax community → Little change over time, dominance by few trees

General principle → Seral stages , community / decomposition changes the composition oof soil

Increased organic nitrate or water content

what does deflected succession means ?

Climax community is prevented from developing = plagioclimax

Cognito ~ Stages of succession include

Initial colonisation by pioneer communities - These pioneer species can cope with the extreme initial conditions (e.g. lichen or algae).

Alteration of conditions by pioneer species - They contribute organic matter, helping in soil formation and making the environment more hospitable for other species.

Settlement by intermediate communities - Intermediate species (sometimes called secondary colonisers) move in when the soil improves and continue to modify the environment (e.g. fern plants).

Diversification of intermediate communities - Over time, the variety of species and biomass grows, leading to the arrival of larger and more complex organisms.

Development of climax communities - These are stable ecosystems with a balanced equilibrium of species, characterised by a small number of dominant plant and animal species that are rarely replaced

Pioneer communities have adaptions ~ what does it allow them to do ?

allow them to modify abiotic factors and endure in harsh environments. They help with soil formation, water retention, nutrient enrichment, and provide shelter.

what are the typical adaptations of pioneer communities ?

• Ability to reproduce asexually.

• Seeds that are dispersed by wind.

• Rapid germination.

• The ability to photosynthesise.

• Nitrogen fixation to enrich soil.

• Extreme condition tolerance.