Human Bio Exam 3

Differences and similarities between endocrine and nervous systems

Nervous: made up of brain, spinal cord and nerves/ electrical impulses are the messengers and travel through the nerve cell axons/ nerve impulses travel through neurons/ nerve impulses make use of the chemical neurotransmitters at synaptic clefts and enter the target cells/ voluntary and involuntary control/ response is immediate and localized

Endocrine: made up of glands and organs/ hormones are the chemical messengers that target cells through the bloodstream/ hormones travel through blood vessels/ hormones enter the target cells by diffusing through the plasma membrane or by binding to cell receptors on the cell membrane/ involuntary control/ response can be fast or take a long time and are widespread

Non-steroid hormones

Water soluble proteins. Binds to a specific receptor on the cell surface and interacts with enzyme. Ex: epinephrine, insulin, melatonin, and our thyroid hormones.

Steroid hormones

(slower process) Lipid-soluble and derived from cholesterol. Diffuse through the cell membrane and interacts with the cells DNA. Ex: corticosteroids and sex hormones

Corticosteroids regulate

the metabolic process, blood pressure, and anti-inflammatory reactions

Hormones are

chemical messengers made by glands and some organs that send messages through the bloodstream.

Receptors are

A cell protein that binds to a specific hormone.

Thyroid gland secretion and effect

T3 and T4 which regulate metabolism and calcitonin which regulates blood calcium levels by signaling the bone to store calcium (decreases calcium levels in the blood)

Parathyroid gland secretion and effect

Parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium release from the bone (increases calcium levels in the blood)

Osteoporosis

a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D

Function of calcium in our bodies

blood clotting, muscle contraction, and regulating normal heart rhythms and nerve functions. Constantly being released from bones and then replaced. You need vitamin D to help absorb calcium.

Testes secrete

testosterone/ sperm production, masculine development

Ovaries secrete

estrogen/ menstrual cycles, feminine development

Pancreas organ hormones released and effects

Glucagon (alpha cells) and insulin (beta cells)/ glucose level regulation- signals liver, muscles, fat

Know when and why low metabolic rates of energy expenditure helped ancient humans be successful.

needed energy to walk and run so energy lasted longer because metabolism was slower. Decrease energy expenditure during times of famine.

Understand what happened that resulted in ancient people with high metabolic rates living longer.

agriculture and farming meant they didn’t have to hunt for food anymore and food was more reliable

Ghrelin

eat soon I’m hungry

Leptin

I’m full

Know why participants in the “biggest loser show” gain most of their weight back

Defense mechanism ghrelin goes up and leptin goes down becuase your body is trying to get you to eat more. Your metabolic rate also slows down also as a defense mechanism so you lose less calories.

Obesity is

the number 1 comorbidity for Covid and the flu

Normal value for glucose in blood

70-110 mg

Stored fat is broken down by

glucocorticoids

How can muscles take up glucose without insulin

can take up glucose during exercise without insulin

high level of glucose in the blood that is considered diabetes

over 126 mg/dl

Failure to control high blood sugar levels can result in

Heart disease, blindness, amputations, kidney failure, nerve damage

Insulin-Melatonin connection

melatonin levels rise at night. Melatonin reduces ability of beta cells to release insulin. This is why its bad to eat right before bed unless you exercise as glucose is left to circulate in blood vessels.

Differences between Type 1 and 2 diabetes

Type 1: insulin-dependent. Can’t produce insulin so must inject it because immune system destroys beta cells. (5-10%)

Type 2: insulin resistant. Levels of insulin may be low, normal, or high but cells do not respond to insulin to take up blood glucose. Insulin receptor wears out after many years of eating too much sugar. (90-95%)

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes

1.frequent urination

2.unusual thirst

3.extreme hunger

4.unusual weight loss

5.fatigue

6.Irritability

7.Type 1 diabetes can be treated with daily injections of insulin. Exercise is also good because exercising muscles take up glucose without an insulin signal.

symptoms of type 2 diabetes

1.any of the above symptoms from Type 1 diabetes plus

2.frequent infections

3.blurred vision

4.bruises or cuts that are slow to heal

5.tingling or numbness in feet or hands

high level of glucose in the blood that is considered prediabetes

100-125 mg/dl

Treatment for type 2 diabetes and how to prevent it

Metformin drug. Causing birth defects in male offspring though. Stopping or never smoking. Exercise. No alcohol. Maintaining a healthy weight and diet.

stress vs anxiety

stress is caused by an external trigger. Anxiety is persistent excessive worries that don’t go away even in the absence of a stressor

Adrenal medulla secretes

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (nonadrenaline) (puts you on hyperalert)

regulates short term stress (fight or flight)

Fight or flight response includes:

•dilating your pupils to see more light

•raising blood glucose levels to give muscles lots of energy to fight or run away

•increasing heart rate to get glucose and oxygen to the muscles faster

•increasing respiration to bring in more oxygen and get rid of CO2

•dilating blood vessels to the skeletal muscle to act

•constricting blood vessels to the digestive system and urinary system

•increasing platelets so that blood can clot faster if you are injured

•shutting down all bodily functions, like digestion, which are not needed for immediate survival

decreasing saliva production

Adrenal cortex secretes

glucocorticoids (long-term stress like cortisol, breaks down fat into glucose overnight) proteins and fat metabolism instead of glucose breakdown. Cortisol makes more amino acids to repair damaged tissues but can also cause muscle breakdown. Suppresses inflammation

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) regulates sodium ions and water in kidney. blood volume and pressure increase. Retain too much sodium under long stresses.

effects of long-term stress on brain

amygdala overactivity. Hippocampus damage. prefrontal cortex shrinking

effects of long-term stress on the gut

irritable bowel syndrome and increased gut sensitivity. Gut bacteria imbalance. Increased appetite. acne, hair loss, headaches, fatigue

vagus nerve

sympathetic response to fight or flight, helping with calmness, relaxation, and digestion.

Ways to minimize stress

S (stop for 1 min) T (take deep breaths) O (observe this making you calmer) P (proceed)

1.Exercise

2.Social support

3.Breathe

4.Meditation

5.Yoga

6.Reduce stimulants

Practice forgiveness, altruism, compassion, and service – A Xavier/Jesuit recommendation

Square breathing

inhale for 4, hold for 4, exhale for 4, hold for 4, and repeat

Plastic is

a long chain of molecules; a polymer

Natural plastics examples

natural chewing gum, natural rubber, and shellac. Biodegradable. Derived from tree based resins and waxes.

Great Pacific Garbage Patch

western garbage patch by Japan and eastern garbage patch between Hawaii and California. 1000 miles west of San Francisco and is a swirling mass of plastic debris more than 3 times the size of Texas.

#3 plastic and plasticizer

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Phthalates.

Fat and plastic

fats tend to pull plasticizers out of the plastic

#7 plastic and plasticizer

other plastics including acrylic. Bisphenol A (BPA). Estrogen can’t bind because it mimics estrogen.

BPA can result in

•Promote prostate, uterine, and breast cancer

•Cause reproductive problems

•Cause early onset of puberty

•suppresses adiponectin, a hormone secreted by fat cells and protects against conditions that result in heart attacks and type 2 diabetes and the resulting obesity.

#1 plastic and plasticizer

PET. DEHP is a phthalate plasticizer. Antiandrogen which for males makes more estrogen and less testosterone.

#6 plastic

polystyrene (PS). Styrene has been found in 100% of human fat tissue samples.

#2 plastic

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) has high strength to density ratio

#4 plastic

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Flexible, grocery bags.

#5 plastic

polypropylene (PP). 2,4,and5 all are thermoplastics.

How to reduce plastic use…

•Try using metal straws and your own shopping bags.

•Buying clothes made of natural fabric

•Washing your polyester clothes in cold water to reduce the plastic fibers breaking down and getting into our water supply

•Storing leftover foods in glass containers