Studied by 27 people
power
the ability to effect change or capacity to do something
soft power
ability to influence other actors by persuading them to follow/agree to norms to produce the desired behavior
hard power
ability to influence other actors through the use of threats or rewards
smart power
use of soft power backed by hard power
structural power
ability to shape frameworks within which global actors relate to one another
power as a capability
traditionally known as an attribute or possession but more recently known as potential or latent power
relational power
ability of one actor to influence another actor in a manner not of their choosing
economic power
ability of a country/actor to influence others through economic means (sanctions, incentives)
social power
ability of an actor/country to influence others through cultural means (art, music, literature) or through institutions + cultural diplomacy
individual power
ability of an individual to influence others/achieve goals through actions or resources
collective power
ability of a group of individuals to achieve their goals via collective action + cooperation (protests, labor unions)
unilateralism
one-sidedness; policy determines by the interests + objectives of a single state, unrestrained by other states + bodies
multilateralism
3+ states, actions, negotiations, or agreements in global politics
state
political entity that has a defined territory, permanent population, government and ability to enter relations with other states
nation
group of people who share a common identity (language, culture, religion, history)
nation-state
state in which the majority of the population shares a common national identity
stateless nation
state in which the majority of the population shares a common national identity but do not have a state of their own (e.g. Rohingya, Palestine)
westaphalian idea of state sovereignty
states considered separate/independent entities/autonomous actors in an anarchic environment
sources of state sovereignty
possession and use of force: allows a state to maintain control over its territory + population — can defend themselves against external threats/maintain internal order
international law + norms: provides a framework for states to interact with + establish rules for behavior — helps to legitimize the state’s authority + actions and a basis for resolving conflict
recognition by other states due to economic and balance of power considerations: enhances the state’s legitimacy + standing in the international community — if other states recognize another state’s sovereignty = acknowledging its authority to govern itself and its people
consent of the governed: implies that the authority of the state is derived from the will of the people = legitimizes that system or government to exercise state legitimacy + establishes democracy + participation of the people.
challenges to state sovereignty
globalization: reduces the ability of states to control/focus on their own economic/political/social affairs. can undermine the state as it is no longer the sole actor on a national level = harder to regulate beyond-border activities + erosion of cultural + national identities
supranationality: a multinational union or association in which member countries cede authority and sovereignty on at least some internal matters to the group (WTO, WHO, IMF)
humanitarian intervention: involves the use of international organizations to go into sovereign states — hence states lose the exclusive right to govern their own affairs + control what happens in their borders where human rights are violated
indigenous rights: indigenous people claiming rights as their own ‘peoples’ — they strive for the rights of self-determinism and the right of being recognized as distinct groups of people with their own cultures
unitary state
state governed as a single entity where the central government is the supreme authority = the central government may create administrative divisions. (i.e Romania and Ireland)
federal state
political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states or other regions under a central federal government (i.e United States, Germany, Canada)
confederation state
union of sovereign groups or states united for purposeso f common action
democratic state
governed by representatives who are elected by the people
authoritarian state
government that concentrates political power in an authority not responsible to the people, ruled by a single leader/political party (Saudi Arabian Royal Fam)
militarized state
reflects the level of militarization of state and which is associated with the glorification of the military, armed forces, weapons + military power through symbolic displays and actual use of force (North Korea)
fragile/failed state
where the political or economic system has become so weak that the government is no longer in control (Libya + Iraq = failed state b/c of rebellion)
rising state
state w/ significant rising power + influence in global affairs (i.e Indonesia + India)
competition state
profound state transformation is apparent in a # of policy field w/ both economic + social policies subject to the need for increasing competitiveness (China)
postmodern state
state or condition of society which is said to exist post-modernity, historical condition that marks the end of modernity
the UN (united nations)
IGO with 193 member states
was created post-WW2 w/ the intention of saving succeeding generations from scourge of war + to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights
establish conditions where justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties + other sources of international law can be maintained
collective measures to maintain stability and achieve international cooperation in solving international conflict
UN charter
sets out the rights and obligations of member states + establishes structure and function of the UN
Four main purposes
maintain international peace + security
develop friendly relations among nations
promote social progress and better living standards
protect human rights
world trade organization (WTO)
responsible for managing and enforcing rules of international trade — provides a forum for members to negotiate trade agreements + resolve trade problems
international monetary fund (IMF)
trying to achieve sustainable growth + monetary cooperation + reduce poverty/unemployment; support economic policies aiming to promote financial stability + monetary cooperation
european union (EU)
political and economic union of 27 countries in Europe promoting democracy + powerful trade block
african union
replaced organization of african unity and was created in 2002 — goals include promoting peace security + stability on the continent
arab league
aims of the league are to strengthen and coordinate political + cultural + economic + social programs of its members to promote sovereignty and independence of Arab countries (been criticized for internal conflict and collective inaction)
ASEAN
regional organization in South East Asia aiming to bring regional peace and stability - operates on a code of non-interference in internal affairs + has trade system but lacks influence b/c of lack of framework
NGO (non-gov. organization)
private, non-commercial group or body which seeks to achieve its ends via non-violent means. address new approaches to social and economic problems that gov can’t do
red cross/crescent
global humanitarian network that helps those affected by a variety of issues
amnesty international
international NGO focused on human rights - publicize violations by governments and other entities recognized by UDHR
human rights watch
conducts research and advocacy for human rights — known for accurate fact-finding + impartial reporting + effective use of media + targeted advocacy
MNC’s (multinational corporations)
a business that has influence over others on a global scale (Coca Cola, Facebook, Nike, Apple)
trade unions
organized association of workers in trade/group of trades/profession formed to protect and further their rights and interests (i.e. international trade union confederation)
institutional NSA
non-state actors having a clearly defined and recognizable structure, organization, and leadership (NGO’s, banks, MNC’s)
non-institutional NSA
non-state actors lacking a clearly recognized structure, little to no organization or leadership (terrorist organizations, social movements, political movements)
social movements
loosely organization effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular goal, typically social or political one to carry our social change, or to resist or undo one (black lives matter, indigenous land rights)
resistance movements
characterized by opposition to state authority + questioning of state legitimacy
violent protest movements
concern specific issues like taxes, conscription into the military, etc — despite not evolving into major social movements they may have severe and immediate consequences
informal forums
non-permanent annual meetings between states to discuss policy and cooperation — agreements made are non-binding (i.e G7)
global governance
formal and informal processes and institutions that guide and control activities of both state and NSAs in the international system (UNSC, WTO trade agreements)
treaties
formal agreement between 2+ sovereign states; legally binding and can be enforced by international law
collective security
cooperation of several countries in an alliance to strengthen security of each — attack against 1 is an attack against all
strategic alliance
alliance made between 2+ states for the mutual benefit of both
bilateral trade agreements
economic cooperation between two countries to reduce trade barriers + increase trade
multilateral trade agreements
economic cooperation involving multiple countries and reduce trade barriers + increase trade between all countries
informal cooperation
way that actors work together outside of formal institutions and agreements — often used when institutions and agreements are unable to address a specific issue or are ineffective
interstate war
armed conflict between two or more states
intrastate war
intrastate violence that occurs within a single state
terrorism
acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating fear among a population (ISIS)
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Flashcard (33)