Oceanography Test

chronometer

An instrument invented to measure time (and therefore determine longitude) accurately. Invented by John Harrison.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese royalty who encouraged and financed most of the early ocean exploration.

Vikings

Dominated ocean exploration in the North Atlantic during the Middle Ages, traveling as far east as North America.

Pytheas

Greek sailor who circumnavigated England and was able to predict tides and determine latitude by the location of the stars.

HMS Challenger II

British expedition in the 20th Century that used sonar to measure the deepest part of the Marianas Trench and named it the Challenger Deep.

Geological Oceanography

Branch of oceanography that covers topography of the sea floor and sand.

James Cook

He captained the HMS Endeavour, sailed to Australia, Hawaii, and other places in the Pacific, and found a cure to scurvy. Unfortuately he was killed in Hawaii.

longitude

The invention of the chronometer allowed sailors to measure this (distance E or W of the prime meridian)

how many ocean basins are there?

5 (atlantic, pacific, indian, arctic, southern)

sonar

Used to measure depth in the ocean.

Jacques Cousteau

Frenchman who invented the SCUBA tank diving system. Also hosted a popular TV show.

Physical Oceanography

Branch of oceanography that covers the tides and currents of the ocean. Because those are PHYSICS-related

Chemical Oceanography

The branch of oceanography that focuses on the chemical composition and properties of seawater.

Biological Oceanography

The branch of oceanography that examines the living organisms in the ocean and their ecological interactions.

Lines of longitude

Measure East/West of the Prime Meridian.

Lines of latitude

Measure North or South of the Equator.

Polynesians

Dominated ocean exploration in the Southeast Pacific starting 30,000 years ago.

Phoenicians

By the 6th Century BC, they had established sea routes for trade throughout the entire Mediterranean region.

Magellan

Man credited for circumnavigating the globe.

Matthew Maury

"Father of physical oceanography"; pioneer of naval oceanography. Richmond guy.

Meteor

The first German expedition to criss-cross the Atlantic Ocean using echo sounding technology.

Ben Franklin

He contributed to the understanding of ocean currents. Discovered Gulf Stream Current in the Atlantic

John Harrison

He invented the chronometer.

Chinese

They invented the magnetic compass for use in navigation.

Five

The world ocean is divided into ocean basins.

SONAR

_ is used to measure depth in the ocean.

Herodotus

Greek mapmaker who mapped the Mediterranean accurately.

Phoenecians

By the 6th Century BC, they had established sea routes for trade throughout the entire Mediterranean region.

Polaris

North Star. Can be used (even still today) to easily find latitude in the Northern Hemisphere.