1) 💉MedTerm (MDCA1313) (Module 4 NOTES) [CH6]

What structures make up the framework of the body?

Bones, cartilage, and ligaments

What are the five main functions of the skeletal system?

Support, movement, protection, blood cell production (hematopoiesis), and mineral & fat storage (calcium, phosphate, adipose)

What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system?

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

What does the axial skeleton form?

The central vertical axis of the body

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

80

What bones are included in the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

Limbs and their attachments (girdles)

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

126

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

Upper/lower limbs, pectoral girdles, pelvic girdle

What are the two main parts of the skull?

Cranium and facial bones

Name the cranial bones.

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, auditory ossicles, external auditory meatus

What are the facial bones?

Zygomatic, maxillary, palatine, lacrimal, inferior conchae, vomer, mandible, hyoid

Which bone is the only one not connected to another bone?

Hyoid bone (in the neck)

How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column (not counting sacrum and coccyx)?

24

What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

Cervical (C1-C7), thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacrum, coccyx

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

Protects spinal cord, supports head and body, allows movement

What does the thoracic cage protect?

The heart and lungs

How many pairs of ribs are there?

12 pairs

What are true ribs?

The first 7 pairs — attach directly to the sternum

What are false ribs?

Pairs 8-10 — attach indirectly via cartilage

What are floating ribs?

The last 2 pairs — do not attach to the sternum

Name the three parts of the sternum.

Manubrium (upper), body (middle), xiphoid process (cartilage end)

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collarbone)

What is the acromion?

The tip of the shoulder; extension of the scapula

What bone is in the upper arm?

Humerus

What bones are in the forearm?

Radius (thumb side) and ulna (little finger side)

What bones make up the wrist and hand?

Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

What are the bones of the pelvis?

Ilium, ischium, and pubis (fuse to form the hip bone)

What does the pelvis protect?

Reproductive and urinary organs

What bones make up the full pelvis?

Two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx

What is the acetabulum?

The socket where the femur head fits

How does the male pelvis differ from the female pelvis?

Male = funnel shape; female = basin shape

What bones are in the leg?

Femur, patella, tibia, fibula

Which bone is the longest in the body?

Femur

Which leg bone is weight-bearing?

Tibia

Which leg bone is thin and lateral?

Fibula

What bones make up the ankle and foot?

Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, talus, calcaneus (heel), malleolus (ankle bump)

What is the function of red bone marrow?

Produces red blood cells (hematopoiesis)

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

Stores fat (energy reserve)

What minerals do bones store?

Calcium and phosphate

What happens when blood calcium levels are low?

Bones release stored minerals into the blood

What is a joint (articulation)?

A point where bones meet bones or cartilage

What are the three types of joints by movement?

Synarthrosis (no movement), amphiarthrosis (slight movement), diarthrosis (free movement)

Give an example of a synarthrosis joint.

Skull sutures

Give an example of an amphiarthrosis joint.

Pubic symphysis

Give an example of a diarthrosis (synovial) joint.

Knee, shoulder

What is cartilage?

Flexible connective tissue at the ends of bones

What is the synovial membrane and its function?

Inner lining of the joint capsule that produces synovial fluid for lubrication

What are ligaments?

Connect bone to bone

What are tendons?

Connect muscle to bone

What is a bursa?

Fluid-filled sac that cushions a joint

What is a meniscus?

Shock-absorbing cartilage within joints

What is flexion?

Bending a joint (e.g., elbow, knee)

What is extension?

Straightening a joint

What is abduction?

Moving away from the midline (e.g., raising arm)

What is adduction?

Moving toward the midline

What is circumduction?

Circular movement (e.g., shoulder)

What is rotation?

Twisting movement around an axis (e.g., head, hip)

What is supination?

Turning palm up

What is pronation?

Turning palm down

What is dorsiflexion?

Raising toes upward (ankle)

What is plantar flexion?

Pointing toes downward

What is inversion?

Turning sole inward

What is eversion?

Turning sole outward

What is protraction?

Moving forward (e.g., pushing jaw forward)

What is retraction?

Pulling backward (e.g., pulling jaw back)

What is elevation?

Lifting upward (e.g., shrugging shoulders)

What is depression?

Moving downward (e.g., lowering shoulders)

What is osteoporosis?

Bone loss leading to weak, brittle bones (caused by calcium loss; treated with supplements and exercise)

What is arthritis?

Inflammation of joints (causes pain and stiffness)

What is osteoarthritis?

Degenerative joint disease from cartilage wear

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Autoimmune disorder attacking joint tissue

What is gout?

Uric acid crystal buildup in joints (often big toe)

What is myasthenia gravis?

Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder causing muscle weakness

What is fibromyalgia?

Chronic widespread pain and fatigue

What is osteomyelitis?

Bone infection (commonly caused by staph bacteria)

What is kyphosis?

Humpback curvature of the thoracic spine

What is lordosis?

Swayback curvature of the lumbar spine

What is scoliosis?

Lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine

Name the main types of fractures.

Closed, open, transverse, spiral, comminuted, greenstick, oblique, Colles, stress

What is bone cancer?

Malignant tumor in bone tissue (types: osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma)

What does an orthopedic surgeon do?

Treats bone and muscle disorders surgically

What does a rheumatologist specialize in?

Treating arthritis and autoimmune diseases

What does a chiropractor (DC) do?

Treats spinal misalignments non-surgically

What does a physical therapist do?

Rehabilitates movement and strength after injury or illness

What is an X-ray used for in skeletal diagnostics?

To check for bone fractures or abnormalities

What does a BMD (DEXA) test measure?

Bone mineral density (used to diagnose osteoporosis)

What is arthroscopy?

A procedure using a camera inside a joint for repair or visualization

What does "arthro-" mean?

Joint

What does "osteo-" mean?

Bone

What does "chondro-" mean?

Cartilage

What does "myelo-" mean?

Marrow or spinal cord

What do "kyph/o," "lord/o," and "scoli/o" refer to?

Spinal curvatures

What does "-itis" mean?

Inflammation

What does "-plasty" mean?

Surgical repair

What does "-centesis" mean?

Puncture to remove fluid

What does "-desis" mean?

Fusion or fixation